{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:59:00Z","timestamp":1792810740635,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05d7nzm42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"Main recommendations<\/jats:title>\n Benign biliary strictures<\/jats:p>\n 1 ESGE suggests temporary insertion of multiple plastic\n stents (MPSs) to treat postcholecystectomy benign biliary strictures. A fully covered\n self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) can be considered in these patients when the stricture is\n located >2 cm distally from the main hepatic confluence or for patients who are\n noncompliant with repeated endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs).<\/jats:p>\n 2 ESGE suggests treating anastomotic biliary strictures\n following liver transplantation with either MPSs or temporary insertion of an FCSEMS when\n located >2 cm distally from the main hepatic confluence.<\/jats:p>\n 3 ESGE suggests treating biliary strictures secondary to\n chronic pancreatitis with temporary insertion (6\u201312 months) of an FCSEMS.<\/jats:p>\n 4 ESGE suggests using balloon dilation alone for high\n grade biliary strictures secondary to primary sclerosing cholangitis. There is no added\n benefit of stenting following balloon dilation, and stenting may increase the risk of adverse\n events.<\/jats:p>\n 5 ESGE suggests avoiding the insertion of uncovered\n SEMSs (USEMSs) for the drainage of extrahepatic biliary obstruction of unconfirmed\n etiology.<\/jats:p>\n Distal malignant biliary strictures<\/jats:p>\n 6 ESGE recommends the endoscopic placement of a 10-mm\n diameter SEMS for preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) of extrahepatic malignant biliary\n obstruction (MBO).<\/jats:p>\n 7 ESGE recommends the endoscopic placement of a 10-mm\n diameter SEMS for neoadjuvant biliary drainage of extrahepatic pathologically confirmed\n MBO.<\/jats:p>\n 8 ESGE recommends endoscopic over surgical or\n percutaneous biliary drainage for primary decompression of inoperable, extrahepatic\n MBO.<\/jats:p>\n Hilar malignant biliary strictures<\/jats:p>\n 9 ESGE recommends ERCP over percutaneous transhepatic\n biliary drainage (PTBD) for PBD in hilar malignant obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n 10 ESGE suggests palliative drainage of malignant hilar\n strictures by means of ERCP for Bismuth types I\u2013II. For Bismuth III\u2013IV, ERCP or a combination\n of ERCP with endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is preferable over primary\n PTBD. Complementary drainage using PTBD might be required in some cases.<\/jats:p>\n 11 ESGE suggests obtaining drainage of more than 50%,\n and ideally 70% or more, of the viable nonatrophic liver volume for palliative drainage of\n proven malignant Bismuth II\u2013IV strictures, using a multimodal approach (EUS-BD\/PTBD if needed,\n as complementary methods to ERCP).<\/jats:p>\n 12 ESGE suggests using either plastic stents or USEMSs\n for palliative drainage of proven malignant hilar obstruction. ESGE suggests a plastic stent\n when the optimal drainage strategy has not been defined. ESGE suggests using a USEMS in expert\n centers to reduce the need for revisional procedures based on the patient\u2019s expected survival\n and the likelihood of achieving complete biliary drainage.<\/jats:p>\n Malignant biliary stricture in cases of failed or unfeasible ERCP<\/jats:p>\n 13 ESGE recommends EUS-BD over PTBD in cases of malignant\n biliary stricture following failed or unfeasible ERCP.In patients with distal stricture,\n ESGE suggests using EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) where a duodenal stricture is\n present, and either EUS-HGS or EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy where there is no duodenal\n stricture.ESGE suggests using PTBD when EUS-BD fails or is not feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2921-6492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:47:57Z","timestamp":1788475677000},"page":"1310-1344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biliary stricture management: European Society of 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