{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:18:09Z","timestamp":1787699889667,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Thromb Hemost"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neonatologists spend considerable effort with the aim of preventing neonatal bleeding. Traditionally, platelet failure has been widely considered a crucial determinant of neonatal hemorrhage. However, recent research challenges this view and suggests that platelet hyporeactivity may be part of a carefully balanced hemostatic system. This review explores the broader process of primary hemostasis in both term and preterm infants, beyond platelet function alone, integrating evidence from in vitro, laboratory, and point-of-care studies. Overall, studies raise concerns about the possible contribution of platelet dysfunction to an increased bleeding risk, especially in preterm infants. The clinical relevance of these findings remains uncertain, owing to methodological heterogeneity and the limited correlation with meaningful outcomes. Although platelet hyporeactivity has been largely attributed to a developmental impairment, it might also depend on prevailing up-regulated inhibitory pathways. Nevertheless, functional differences in plasma proteins provide enhanced adhesive capacities, supporting platelet-subendothelium interaction, further facilitated by higher hematocrit levels. Molecular explanations for platelet singularities are being uncovered thanks to omics studies. Advanced technologies such as microfluidics are enabling the study of cross-talking endothelium and platelets. Yet, the details of the interactions between platelets, erythrocytes, and white blood cells remain to be elucidated in the setting of developmental hemostasis. Emerging evidence on distinct pathways driving a lower pro-inflammatory tendency of the neonatal milieu might explain the poorer outcomes of those preterm infants receiving multiple transfusions of adult blood products. Awareness of the unique equilibrium of neonatal primary hemostasis calls for further research into the impact of neonatal therapies on hemostatic balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2931-3122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T23:30:51Z","timestamp":1786404651000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Evolving Knowledge on Primary Hemostasis in Neonates"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4919-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Zanetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Women's and Children's Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"]},{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, Italy","place":["Padua"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Campello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, Italy","place":["Padua"]},{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Medicine, First Chair of Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariella","family":"Magarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Women's and Children's Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Regazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, Italy","place":["Padua"]},{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Medicine, First Chair of Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Muraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, Italy","place":["Padua"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Women's and Children's Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"]},{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, Italy","place":["Padua"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Simioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, Italy","place":["Padua"]},{"name":"University Hospital of Padua, Italy","place":["Padua"],"department":["Department of Medicine, First Chair of Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0331","article-title":"Global incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage among extremely preterm infants: a systematic literature review","volume":"49","author":"C Siffel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3028","article-title":"Mortality and neonatal morbidity among infants 501 to 1500 grams from 2000 to 2009","volume":"129","author":"J D Horbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627715","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.627715","article-title":"Hemostatic challenges in neonates","volume":"9","author":"P Davenport","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648025","article-title":"Newborn platelet dysfunction: a storage pool and release defect","volume":"36","author":"D G Corby","year":"1976","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","first-page":"215","article-title":"Decreased alpha-adrenergic receptors in newborn platelets: cause of abnormal response to epinephrine","volume":"2","author":"D G Corby","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2024-326959","article-title":"Most major bleeds in preterm infants occur in the absence of severe thrombocytopenia: an observational cohort study","volume":"110","author":"H van der Staaij","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation.V2012.1.506.3798532","article-title":"Platelets in the neonatal period: developmental differences in platelet production, function, and hemostasis and the potential impact of therapies","volume":"2012","author":"M Sola-Visner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101086","article-title":"Platelet transfusion in neonatal intensive care units of 22 European countries: a prospective observational study","volume":"47","author":"N AM Houben","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Platelet Transfusion: 2025 AABB and ICTMG International Clinical Practice Guidelines","author":"R A Metcalf"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1807320","article-title":"Randomized trial of platelet-transfusion thresholds in neonates","volume":"380","author":"A Curley","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V70.1.165.165","article-title":"Development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant","volume":"70","author":"M Andrew","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.5.1651.1651","article-title":"Development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant","volume":"72","author":"M Andrew","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Platelets: physiology and biochemistry","author":"K Jurk","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100733","article-title":"Interplay between platelets and coagulation","volume":"46","author":"Y Sang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9781922064004","volume-title":"Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists","author":"R Fitridge","year":"2011"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","first-page":"242","article-title":"Platelet-vessel wall interaction in health and disease","volume":"68","author":"E C L\u00f6wenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12772","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112772","article-title":"Platelets and their role in hemostasis and thrombosis\u2014from physiology to pathophysiology and therapeutic implications","volume":"23","author":"A Scridon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000251742.71301.16","article-title":"Activation of platelet function through G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"99","author":"S Offermanns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","first-page":"576","article-title":"Structure and function of von Willebrand factor","volume":"82","author":"Z M Ruggeri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20986","article-title":"Central role of the P2Y12 receptor in platelet activation","volume":"113","author":"R T Dorsam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(83)90169-4","article-title":"Changes in membrane phospholipid distribution during platelet activation","volume":"736","author":"E M Bevers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"4931","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/202498a0","article-title":"An enzyme cascade in the blood clotting mechanism, and its function as a biochemical amplifier","volume":"202","author":"R G MacFarlane","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Platelet-mediated modulation of fibrinolysis","author":"C S Whyte","year":"2017"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248409339309","article-title":"Platelet function testing and implications for clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"J P Collet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210546","article-title":"The relationship between hematocrit and bleeding time in very low birth weight infants during the first week of life","volume":"21","author":"M C Sola","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.10","article-title":"Template bleeding times of 240 neonates born at 24 to 41 weeks gestation","volume":"28","author":"A Del Vecchio","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb02431.x","article-title":"Shorter PFA-100 closure times in neonates than in adults: role of red cells, white cells, platelets and von Willebrand factor","volume":"90","author":"B Roschitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000253755","article-title":"Closure times measured by the platelet function analyzer PFA-100 are longer in neonatal blood compared to cord blood samples","volume":"97","author":"M A Saxonhouse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.109794","article-title":"Evaluation of primary hemostasis in neonates with a new in vitro platelet function analyzer","volume":"138","author":"S J Israels","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(00)00255-3","article-title":"Testing of platelet deposition on polystyrene surface under flow conditions by the cone and plate(let) analyzer: role of platelet activation, fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor","volume":"99","author":"B Shenkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F127","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.86.2.F127","article-title":"Deposition of whole blood platelets on extracellular matrix under flow conditions in preterm infants","volume":"86","author":"N Linder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000090928","article-title":"Platelet function of newborns as tested by cone and plate(let) analyzer correlates with gestational age","volume":"115","author":"Y Levy-Shraga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"issue":"4832","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/194927b0","article-title":"Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal","volume":"194","author":"G VR Born","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1309\/Y9EC63RW3XG1V313","article-title":"Platelet aggregation testing in platelet-rich plasma: description of procedures with the aim to develop standards in the field","volume":"123","author":"L Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2015.1032919","article-title":"Investigation of platelet function and platelet disorders using flow cytometry","volume":"27","author":"P Rubak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref36","first-page":"781","article-title":"Multiple electrode aggregometry: a new device to measure platelet aggregation in whole blood","volume":"96","author":"O T\u00f3th","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1788-5206","article-title":"Assessing clinically meaningful hypercoagulability after COVID-19 vaccination: a longitudinal study","volume":"122","author":"E Campello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.5.620","article-title":"Rapid platelet-function assay: an automated and quantitative cartridge-based method","volume":"99","author":"J W Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000155613","article-title":"Collagen\/endogenous thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in cord versus adult whole blood","volume":"95","author":"G Cvirn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2004.01.011","article-title":"A novel modification of the Thrombelastograph assay, isolating platelet function, correlates with optical platelet aggregation","volume":"143","author":"R M Craft","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00116","article-title":"Incidence of platelet dysfunction by thromboelastography\u2013platelet mapping in children supported with ECMO: a pilot retrospective study","volume":"3","author":"A Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000093547","article-title":"Evaluation of platelet function by flow cytometry","volume":"35","author":"A D Michelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/09537100400016862","article-title":"Neonatal platelets from cord blood and peripheral blood","volume":"16","author":"A G Sitaru","year":"2005","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0316-9","article-title":"Flow cytometry for near-patient testing in premature neonates reveals variation in platelet function: a novel approach to guide platelet transfusion","volume":"85","author":"A K Waller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684920","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.684920","article-title":"Soluble platelet release factors as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"G Baidildinova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766513","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.766513","article-title":"Emerging microfluidic approaches for platelet mechanobiology and interplay with circulatory systems","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15847","article-title":"Age-restricted functional and developmental differences of neonatal platelets","volume":"20","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.12.022","article-title":"Quantitative label-free mass spectrometry reveals content and signaling differences between neonatal and adult platelets","volume":"22","author":"C S Thom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2018.10.001","article-title":"Are thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusions associated with major bleeding in preterm neonates? A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"S F Fustolo-Gunnink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","first-page":"327","article-title":"The platelet of the newborn infant. 5-Hydroxytryptamine uptake and release","volume":"30","author":"J M Whaun","year":"1973","journal-title":"Thromb Diath Haemorrh"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1661425","article-title":"Blood platelet behaviour in mothers and neonates","volume":"53","author":"N P Andrews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830290105","article-title":"Neonatal and maternal platelets: activation at time of birth","volume":"29","author":"C R Suarez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref53","first-page":"199","article-title":"Arachidonic acid-induced aggregation of platelets from human cord blood compared with platelets from adults","volume":"47","author":"G Ahlsten","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199004000-00004","article-title":"Deficient collagen-induced activation in the newborn platelet","volume":"27","author":"S J Israels","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199702000-00011","article-title":"Deficient thromboxane synthesis and response in platelets from premature infants","volume":"41","author":"S J Israels","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648990","article-title":"Neonatal platelets are less reactive than adult platelets to physiological agonists in whole blood","volume":"72","author":"D Rajasekhar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199604000-00022","article-title":"Impaired mobilization of intracellular calcium in neonatal platelets","volume":"39","author":"B Gelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-05-0270","article-title":"Increased shear stress- and ristocetin-induced binding of von Willebrand factor to platelets in cord compared with adult plasma","volume":"92","author":"T Rehak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613607","article-title":"Unexpected persistence of platelet hyporeactivity beyond the neonatal period: a flow cytometric study in neonates, infants and older children","volume":"90","author":"N H\u00e9zard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1646924","article-title":"Significant hypo-responsiveness to GPVI and CLEC-2 agonists in pre-term and full-term neonatal platelets and following immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"118","author":"A T Hardy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094883","article-title":"Age-dependent control of collagen-dependent platelet responses by thrombospondin-1\u2014comparative analysis of platelets from neonates, children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"22","author":"K Herken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2008.10.004","article-title":"The platelet hyporeactivity of extremely low birth weight neonates is age-dependent","volume":"124","author":"F J Bednarek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0184-8","article-title":"Impaired platelet activity and hypercoagulation in healthy term and moderately preterm newborns during the early neonatal period","volume":"85","author":"E M Koltsova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200003000-00012","article-title":"Imparied platelet--dense granule release in neonates","volume":"22","author":"P Mankin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.152421","article-title":"Decreased numbers of dense granules in fetal and neonatal platelets","volume":"102","author":"D Urban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-002-1093-7","article-title":"Evaluation of platelet function on cord blood in 80 healthy term neonates using the platelet function Analyser (PFA-100); shorter in vitro bleeding times in neonates than adults","volume":"162","author":"M Boudewijns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008426","article-title":"The in-vitro bleeding time for the screening of platelet function in the newborn: assessment of a normal reference range","volume":"160","author":"P Borzini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010590907230","article-title":"Platelet aggregation in term and preterm newborns","volume":"22","author":"T U\u00e7ar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249081","article-title":"Multiplate whole blood impedance point of care aggregometry: preliminary reference values in healthy infants, children and adolescents","volume":"222","author":"S Halimeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023009824","article-title":"Ontogenesis of functional platelet subpopulations from preterm and term neonates to adulthood: the PLINIUS study","volume":"7","author":"L J Weiss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref71","first-page":"689","article-title":"Platelet and platelet-derived microparticle surface factor V\/Va binding in whole blood: differences between neonates and adults","volume":"84","author":"A D Michelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2010.504869","article-title":"Newborn platelets: lower levels of protease-activated receptors cause hypoaggregability to thrombin","volume":"21","author":"A Schlagenhauf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.122","article-title":"Ibuprofen lysine administration to neonates with a patent ductus arteriosus: effect on platelet plug formation assessed by in vivo and in vitro measurements","volume":"29","author":"M J Sheffield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2020.1786040","article-title":"Platelet count and function in umbilical cord blood versus peripheral blood in term neonates","volume":"32","author":"A K Grevsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200007000-00067","article-title":"The mechanisms of platelet dysfunction during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill neonates","volume":"28","author":"P Y Cheung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249092","article-title":"Impaired platelet function in neonates born to mothers with diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy","volume":"222","author":"T Strauss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183042","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison of neonate and adult human platelet transcriptomes","volume":"12","author":"E Caparr\u00f3s-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev175786","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.175786","article-title":"Transposable elements, circular RNAs and mitochondrial transcription in age-related genomic regulation","volume":"147","author":"J I Bravo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88936","article-title":"Neonatal expression of RNA-binding protein IGF2BP3 regulates the human fetal-adult megakaryocyte transition","volume":"127","author":"K E Elagib","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40609","article-title":"Developmental differences in IFN signaling affect GATA1s-induced megakaryocyte hyperproliferation","volume":"123","author":"A J Woo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122943","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.122943","article-title":"Platelet-derived \u03b22M regulates monocyte inflammatory responses","volume":"4","author":"Z T Hilt","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70042","article-title":"Transfusion of adult platelets triggers inflammatory responses in newborn mice through both P-selectin-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"66","author":"P Davenport","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117921","article-title":"Monocyte tethering by P-selectin regulates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion. Signal integration and NF-kappa B translocation","volume":"95","author":"A S Weyrich","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017140.26466.F5","article-title":"Platelet-monocyte aggregates: bridging thrombosis and inflammation","volume":"105","author":"J E Freedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000494103","article-title":"Platelet-neutrophil interactions are lower in cord blood of premature newborns","volume":"115","author":"I Esiaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"151592","volume-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage","author":"A A Garvey","year":"2022"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(89)90003-9","article-title":"Morphometry of blood vessels in the cortex and germinal plate of premature neonates","volume":"5","author":"M L Grunnet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21618","article-title":"Maturational changes in laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, and perlecan in germinal matrix, cortex, and white matter and effect of betamethasone","volume":"86","author":"H Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113561","article-title":"Heparan sulfate: lessons from knockout mice","volume":"108","author":"E Forsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5725","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109418","article-title":"Mutations in Col4a1 cause perinatal cerebral hemorrhage and porencephaly","volume":"308","author":"D B Gould","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L537","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00425.2022","article-title":"Microvascular maturation of the septal capillary layers takes place in parallel to alveolarization in human lungs","volume":"325","author":"L Schmid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/1093526619900728","article-title":"Perinatal pulmonary hemorrhage: a retrospective autopsy case series","volume":"23","author":"I Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00184.x","article-title":"Regulation of the cerebral circulation during development","volume":"11","author":"R C Koehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199811000-00016","article-title":"Responsiveness of human infant cerebral arteries to sympathetic nerve stimulation and vasoactive agents","volume":"44","author":"R Bevan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Regulation of platelet function by nitric oxide and other nitrogen-and oxygen-derived reactive species","author":"E Salas","year":"1997"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.7.1851.1851","article-title":"Relationship between human development and disappearance of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers from plasma","volume":"73","author":"J A Katz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1989.tb07654.x","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal von Willebrand factor (vWF) is unusually large and similar to the vWF in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"72","author":"M J Weinstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199021000-00019","article-title":"Development of the hemostatic system in the neonate and young infant","volume":"12","author":"M Andrew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000081294.26060.4B","article-title":"The relationship of von Willebrand factor binding to activated platelets from healthy neonates and adults","volume":"54","author":"M Schmugge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(02)00396-1","article-title":"Ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers and normal ADAMTS13 activity in the umbilical cord blood","volume":"108","author":"H M Tsai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.9.2730","article-title":"Changes in health and disease of the metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand factor","volume":"98","author":"P M Mannucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1450-8300","article-title":"Added value of blood cells in thrombin generation testing","volume":"121","author":"J Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.032","article-title":"The biochemistry of nitric oxide, nitrite, and hemoglobin: role in blood flow regulation","volume":"36","author":"M T Gladwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14360","article-title":"Red blood cells: the forgotten player in hemostasis and thrombosis","volume":"17","author":"J W Weisel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-05-718114","article-title":"The role of leukocytes in thrombosis","volume":"128","author":"L L Swystun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0235-0","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce aggregation of washed human platelets independently of extracellular DNA and histones","volume":"16","author":"O Elaskalani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.09.006","article-title":"Inherited platelet disorders: diagnosis and management","volume":"34","author":"A Al-Huniti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-002-0938-4","article-title":"Whole blood platelet deposition on extracellular matrix under flow conditions in preterm neonatal sepsis","volume":"161","author":"Y Finkelstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpth.2023.100100","article-title":"Sepsis-induced coagulopathy in preterm neonates with Gram-positive sepsis presents with hypercoagulation and reduced platelet activation compared with healthy preterm neonates","volume":"7","author":"D Gialamprinou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/107602960100700107","article-title":"Neonatal platelet activation in preeclampsia","volume":"7","author":"B Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199612000-00018","article-title":"Platelet-surface glycoproteins in healthy and preeclamptic mothers and their newborn infants","volume":"40","author":"T K\u00fchne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-7855(96)00565-2","article-title":"Chronic hyperinsulinemia inhibits platelet-activating factor (PAF) biosynthesis in the rat kidney","volume":"16","author":"G B Kudolo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.192","article-title":"Effect of ampicillin on the bleeding time of neonatal intensive care unit patients","volume":"30","author":"M J Sheffield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.154","article-title":"Effect of ampicillin on bleeding time in very low birth-weight neonates during the first week after birth","volume":"31","author":"M J Sheffield","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80135-3","article-title":"Prolonged bleeding time in preterm infants receiving indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"105","author":"M S Corazza","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000504173","article-title":"Developmental differences in platelet inhibition response to prostaglandin E1","volume":"117","author":"V Palma-Barqueros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000493082","article-title":"A proposed role of surfactant in platelet function and treatment of pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm and term infants","volume":"140","author":"T Sadeh-Vered","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.12.035","article-title":"Clinical data of neonatal systemic thrombosis","volume":"171","author":"P Saracco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref119","first-page":"35","article-title":"Optimizing platelet transfusion thresholds in preterm infants: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of impacts on survival and neurodevelopment: optimizing PLT transfusion thresholds in preterm infants","volume":"24","author":"D Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"101608","volume-title":"Platelet transfusion and bleeding risk","author":"V Cortesi","year":"2025"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951112000753","article-title":"Monitoring of acestyl salicylic acid-induced platelet inhibition with impedance aggregometry in children with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts","volume":"23","author":"B S Romlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2931-3122.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:56:15Z","timestamp":1787698575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2931-3122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":121,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2931-3122","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-6176","1098-9064"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-6176","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9064","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}