{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:23:45Z","timestamp":1787358225954,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Introduction: The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic etifoxine is hypothesized\n                    to act as a neurosteroidogenic agent via the 18-kDa translocator protein. In a\n                    placebo controlled design, we compared its steroidogenic effects with those of\n                    alprazolam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: In a double-blind within-subject design, healthy male\n                    participants (N=29) received etifoxine (150 mg\/d), alprazolam (1.5 mg\/d),\n                    and placebo in randomised order for 5 days. Pregnenolone expression and cortisol\n                    expression were assessed at the end of each treatment in the morning, and at\n                    four time points in the afternoon. Thrombocyte 18-kDa translocator protein\n                    expression was measured in the morning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Analysis of morning samples revealed higher 18-kDa translocator\n                    protein expression (\u03c7\n               2=7.41 and p=0.025) after\n                    etifoxine intake compared to alprazolam intake (p=0.025). Both alprazolam\n                    and etifoxine were associated with lower pregnenolone levels\n                    (p&lt;0.005). The 18-kDa translocator protein did not mediate the\n                    medication effects on pregnenolone (average causal mediation effects for\n                    etifoxine vs. placebo contrast: p=0.276). Afternoon measurements showed\n                    that alprazolam reduced cortisol (\u03c7\n               2=66.76,\n                    p&lt;0.001), and that both alprazolam and etifoxine reduced pregnenolone\n                    levels (\u03c7\n               2=31.75, p&lt;0.001). State anxiety was only\n                    marginally lowered by medication (p=0.092), and no biological\n                    markers\u2014cortisol, pregnenolone, or 18-kDa translocator protein\u2014predicted anxiety\n                    ratings (all p &gt; 0.40).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: We confirmed the effects of benzodiazepines on cortisol and\n                    pregnenolone levels in healthy male participants. Etifoxine administration was\n                    associated with a decrease in peripheral plasma pregnenolone. Taken together,\n                    however, plasma pregnenolone levels do not seem to reflect etifoxine binding to\n                    18-kDa translocator protein and central anxiolytic mechanisms in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2935-8784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T23:33:09Z","timestamp":1787355189000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Etifoxine and Alprazolam on Pregnenolone, Cortisol, and\n                    18-kDa Translocator Protein in Healthy Men: A Placebo-Controlled\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"drks00020267","registry":"10.18810\/drks"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Riebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, BY, Germany","place":["Regensburg"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa-Marie","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, BY, Germany","place":["Regensburg"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Melchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, BY, Germany","place":["Regensburg"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anett","family":"D\u00f6rfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, BY, Germany","place":["Regensburg"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Volkmar","family":"Schwarzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, BY, 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