{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:17:20Z","timestamp":1787789840405,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","funder":[{"name":"Wisconsin Advanced Opportunity Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Clin Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background Ambient artificial intelligence (AI) scribes may improve clinician-level outcomes (e.g., documentation burden) and patient experience. However, patients must agree to allow clinicians to use ambient AI scribes for these benefits to materialize. What motivates patients to agree to these tools\u2019 use and what factors improve their acceptability remain underexplored. It is also unclear whether patients\u2019 current trust in AI tools influences which factors affect ambient AI scribe acceptability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives This secondary, convergent mixed-methods analysis had a quantitative aim of describing patients\u2019 trust in AI tools, a qualitative aim of exploring correlates of ambient AI scribe acceptability, and an integrated aim of exploring whether factors associated with acceptability varied across patients with differing levels of general trust in AI tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods Survey and interview data originally collected to assess the patient experience after implementing ambient AI scribes were re-analyzed (n = 20). For survey data, we descriptively summarized the trust in AI items and categorized patients into low, moderate, and strong trust groups. For interview data, we used deductive (guided by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability) and inductive coding to draw themes pertaining to acceptability. For data integration, we qualitatively examined differences in acceptability themes by level of trust in AI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results In our sample, patients\u2019 trust in AI ranged from low to high, and most patients (60%) had moderate trust in AI. Ambient AI scribe acceptability was generally influenced by minimal ethicality concerns, supportive affective attitudes, minimal patient burden, substantial perceived or realized benefits, and strong intervention coherence. There were minimal differences in acceptability themes by level of trust in AI. Patients recommended developing robust patient education initiatives and, to allow patients to make informed decisions, providing advance notice that these tools will be used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion These findings highlight patients\u2019 suggested strategies for improving ambient AI scribe acceptability. Our findings also generate hypotheses for future research examining the explanatory processes that underlie patients\u2019 perceived acceptability of ambient AI scribes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2936-9935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:17:40Z","timestamp":1787786260000},"page":"701-710","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ambient Artificial Intelligence Scribes in Ambulatory Care: Patient Acceptability and Trust"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics"]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Jaeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Family Medicine and Community Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ryan Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics"]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Population Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Resnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Gravel Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UW Health, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Division of Information Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Dambach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh A.","family":"Mrotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariah","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Abramson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kleinschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Thomas B.","family":"Brazelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Leaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UW Health, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Division of Information Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Twedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UW Health, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Division of Information Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UW Health, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Division of Information Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Burnside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Radiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Wiegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel E.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Department of Family Medicine and Community Health"]},{"name":"UW Health, Wisconsin, United States","place":["Madison"],"department":["Division of Information Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2597-2017","article-title":"Clinical implementation of artificial intelligence scribes in health care: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"H Hassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2537000","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.37000","article-title":"Use of an AI scribe and electronic health record efficiency","volume":"8","author":"K Pearlman","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76743","DOI":"10.2196\/76743","article-title":"Real-world evidence synthesis of digital scribes using ambient listening and generative artificial intelligence for clinician documentation workflows: rapid review","volume":"4","author":"N S Kanaparthy","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR AI"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf180","article-title":"Evaluating ambient artificial intelligence documentation: effects on work efficiency, documentation burden, and patient-centered care","volume":"33","author":"Y Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2534976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.34976","article-title":"Use of ambient AI scribes to reduce administrative burden and professional burnout","volume":"8","author":"K D Olson","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/aidbp2401267","article-title":"A novel playbook for pragmatic trial operations to monitor and evaluate ambient artificial intelligence in clinical practice","volume":"2","author":"M Afshar","year":"2025","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2025.103333","article-title":"Impact of using an AI scribe on clinical documentation and clinician-patient interactions in allied health private practice: perspectives of clinicians and patients","volume":"78","author":"K Evans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ooaf068","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooaf068","article-title":"Effect of a generative artificial intelligence digital scribe on pediatric provider documentation time, cognitive burden, and burnout","volume":"8","author":"J H Pelletier","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2647-1142","article-title":"The effect of ambient artificial intelligence scribes on trainee documentation burden","volume":"16","author":"D S Wright","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2657-8087","article-title":"The influence of artificial intelligence scribes on clinician experience and efficiency among pediatric subspecialists: a rapid, randomized quality improvement trial","volume":"16","author":"H S Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2625-0750","article-title":"Ambient artificial intelligence scribes in pediatric primary care: a mixed methods study","volume":"16","author":"N Rabbani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2807-4098","article-title":"The effect of ambient listening technology on the patient experience","volume":"17","author":"K N Patel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2662-0740","article-title":"Ambient artificial intelligence scribes in oncology: adoption, feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness","volume":"16","author":"A E Baldwin-Medsker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf218","article-title":"Patient attitudes toward ambient artificial intelligence scribes in clinical care: insights from a cross-sectional study","volume":"33","author":"R Chandrasekaran","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77901","DOI":"10.2196\/77901","article-title":"Patient attitudes toward ambient voice technology: Preimplementation patient survey in an academic medical center","volume":"13","author":"G Leiserowitz","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2522400","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22400","article-title":"Informed consent for ambient documentation using generative AI in ambulatory care","volume":"8","author":"K Lawrence","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101925","article-title":"What factors contribute to the acceptance of artificial intelligence? A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"S Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Telemat Inform"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Generative AI for elderly well-being through the computer as social actor paradigm","author":"D Pramod","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Core mixed methods designs","author":"J W Creswell","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Convergent design with secondary data","author":"D C Watkins","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/aioa2500945","article-title":"A pragmatic randomized controlled trial of ambient artificial intelligence to improve health practitioner well-being","volume":"2","author":"M Afshar","year":"2025","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585808","volume-title":"Trust issues with trust scales: examining the psychometric quality of trust measures in the context of AI","author":"S AC Perrig","year":"2023"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586715614171","article-title":"Qualitative descriptive methods in health science research","volume":"9","author":"K J Colorafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"HERD"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16481","article-title":"A worked example of qualitative descriptive design: a step-by-step guide for novice and early career researchers","volume":"81","author":"P Villamin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987119880234","article-title":"An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research","volume":"25","author":"L Doyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2031-8","article-title":"Acceptability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework","volume":"17","author":"M Sekhon","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","article-title":"Achieving integration in mixed methods designs-principles and practices","volume":"48","author":"M D Fetters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metip.2021.100080","article-title":"Visuals in joint displays to represent integration in mixed methods research: a methodological review","volume":"5","author":"T C Guetterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Psychol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1177\/10711813251357910","article-title":"Correlates of trust of generative artificial intelligence tools among patients and caregivers: a review of empirical research","volume":"69","author":"O T Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-024-01066-4","article-title":"Public perceptions of artificial intelligence in healthcare: ethical concerns and opportunities for patient-centered care","volume":"25","author":"K Witkowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0331003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331003","article-title":"Demographic influences on trust in artificial intelligence across cognitive domains: a statistical perspective","volume":"20","author":"A A Alasmari","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"34% of U.S. Adults Have Used ChatGPT, about Double the Share in 2023","author":"O Sidoti","year":"2025"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000237","article-title":"Diverse patients\u2019 attitudes towards artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"C Robertson","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.01.021","article-title":"Public attitudes toward consent and data sharing in biobank research: a large multi-site experimental survey in the US","volume":"100","author":"S C Sanderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa012","article-title":"Racial differences in patient consent policy preferences for electronic health information exchange","volume":"27","author":"C L Turvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"}],"container-title":["Applied Clinical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2936-9935.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:17:45Z","timestamp":1787786265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2936-9935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2936-9935","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-0327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}}}