{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:52:34Z","timestamp":1792785154185,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de\nPessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["N\u00ba88882.365998\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00ba88882.365998\/2019-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regular physical exercise plays a role in modulating the\nhypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in sedentary individuals, but its effects on\nathletes remain unclear. As athletes depend on inflammation and micronutrient\nmetabolism to improve, glucocorticoids, which interfere with both, may have an\nimpact on their performances. The objective was to describe the characteristics\nof the HPA axis in athletes during their training season, as well as determine\nhow high-performance training affects this axis. The inclusion criterion for\nthis prospective observational study was participation as a water polo\nprofessional athlete since 2017 and the exclusion criteria were the presence of\nany chronic disease or the use of any kind of drug that affects the HPA axis\nduring the last 6 months or until the end of the study. Nineteen professional\nwater polo athletes were selected for the analysis of glucocorticoid receptor\n(isoforms \u03b1 and \u03b2) expression and of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms\n(Bcl-I and A3669G). These analyses were carried out at the beginning of the\nseason (T0), when the athletes were less physically prepared, and again at\nmid-season (T1) during the peak of physical preparation. The results revealed a\ngood adaptive response in athletes during the progressive stress of the season,\ncharacterized by lower expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor alpha and\nglucocorticoid receptor beta and a lower glucocorticoid receptor\nalpha\/glucocorticoid receptor beta ratio, irrespective of the presence of\nprotective polymorphisms. This adaptation decreases sensitivity to the\nglucocorticoid receptor, reducing hyper-response to stress, and potentially\nrepresenting a protective mechanism in athletes. This study explores a plausible\ntheory that relates physical fatigue with the HPA axis and its adaptations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2948-4276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:45:16Z","timestamp":1789188316000},"page":"419-427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Whole Blood Cells of\nProfessional Water Polo Athletes During the Competitive Season: A Pilot\nStudy"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo Marcondes","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisangela Oliveira","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano Gomes","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SESI, SP, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Reference Center of Sport Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Baccarini","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Richeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, SP, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Molecular Medicine Laboratory"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago Mestriner","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiane Sousa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6361-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Longui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao\nPaulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Physiological Sciences"]},{"name":"Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao\nPaulo, SP, Brazil","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo"],"department":["Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-3-245","article-title":"Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor function and tissue\nsensitivity to glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"C M Bamberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr 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MJPM","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.59.1.359","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in adipose tissue","volume":"59","author":"J R Seckl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","first-page":"141","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in obesity and\nthe metabolic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"R H Stimson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111277","article-title":"Generalized and tissue specific glucocorticoid resistance","volume":"530","author":"C S Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01545","article-title":"A general introduction to glucocorticoid 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test","volume":"40","author":"T S Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02900.x","article-title":"Relationship between cortisol and physical performance in older persons","volume":"67","author":"G M Peeters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of a single session of moderate and heavy intensity weight-lifting\nexercise on plasma testosterone and cortisol in elite male weight-lifters","volume":"1","author":"A Rahimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Appl Sport Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0112","article-title":"The human glucocorticoid receptor beta isoform suppresses the transcriptional\nactivity of hGRalpha by interfering with formation of active coactivator\ncomplexes","volume":"19","author":"E Charmandari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1351.001","article-title":"The physiology of human glucocorticoid receptor beta (hGRbeta) and\nglucocorticoid resistance","volume":"1069","author":"L J Lewis-Tuffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-71","article-title":"Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms determining tissue sensitivity to\nglucocorticoids: novel mutations, circadian rhythm and ligand-induced repression\nof the human glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"14","author":"N C Nicolaides","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S33569","article-title":"Ex vivo stimulation of whole blood as a means to determine glucocorticoid\nsensitivity","volume":"5","author":"C Burnsides","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic 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