{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:03:49Z","timestamp":1789772629746,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Efficient baseball pitching relies on coordinated trunk\u2013arm coupling during the\n                    acceleration phase. Shoulder elevation is commonly maintained near 90\u00b0, and\n                    prior work has focused on discrete metrics rather than continuous regulation.\n                    Our purpose was to examine whether the deviation of shoulder elevation from 90\u00b0\n                    during the acceleration period\ufeff was associated with ball velocity. Markerless\n                    kinematic data were collected from 362 National Collegiate Athletic Association\n                    pitchers (7,239 pitches). Shoulder elevation was defined as the relative angle\n                    between the trunk and the upper arm, and root mean square deviation from the 90\u00b0\n                    reference was calculated across the acceleration period. Two-level linear\n                    mixed-effects models were used to evaluate within- and between-pitcher\n                    associations. Shoulder elevation deviation demonstrated high between-pitcher\n                    consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.95). Reduced root mean square\n                    deviation was associated with higher ball velocity at both the between-pitchers\n                        (\u03b2=\u2212\u20090.06 mph\u00b7deg\u20131, p\u2009=\u20090.006) and within-pitchers\n                        (\u03b2=\u2212\u20090.07 mph\u00b7deg\u20131, p\u2009=\u20090.004) levels. Allowing\n                    pitcher-specific slopes significantly improved a model fit, indicating\n                    heterogeneity in the magnitude of this association and suggesting that the\n                    reduced deviation of shoulder elevation during acceleration is associated with\n                    higher ball velocity. Continuous quantification of shoulder elevation during the\n                    acceleration phase provides a complementary perspective to discrete joint angle\n                    analyses and may serve as an indicator of pitching performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2951-0697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:57:28Z","timestamp":1789772248000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Less Deviation of Shoulder Elevation Is Associated with Ball Velocity\n                    in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Kai-Jen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Sports Medicine and Movement Lab"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0232-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Zappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Sports Medicine and Movement Lab"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Jump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Sports Medicine and Movement Lab"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle N.","family":"Pfund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Department of Human Development and Family Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline R.","family":"Klubertanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Sports Medicine and Movement Lab"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen D.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Sports Medicine and Movement Lab"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Segmental power analysis of sequential body motion and elbow valgus loading\n                    during baseball pitching","author":"A L Aguinaldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738110362656","article-title":"The kinetic chain in overhand pitching: Its potentil role for performance\n                    enhancement and injury prevention","volume":"2","author":"STN S 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