{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:30:18Z","timestamp":1791401418928,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endoscopy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is performed for acute cholecystitis in surgically unfit patients; however, there is a risk of recurrence after tube removal. We aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) across two distinct pathways \u2013 primary EUS-GBD (pEUS-GBD) and conversion from PTGBD as an internalization strategy (cEUS-GBD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This multicenter retrospective study included 239 surgically unfit patients with acute cholecystitis who underwent pEUS-GBD (n = 180) or cEUS-GBD (n = 59). The primary outcome was pathway-defined procedural success: initial drainage success for pEUS-GBD and internalization success for cEUS-GBD. Propensity-score overlap weighting was applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Procedural success was high in both groups (95.6% vs. 93.2%; P = 0.50). Mean (SD) procedure time was significantly shorter for pEUS-GBD (8.4 [6.6] vs. 12.9 [7.1] minutes; P &lt; 0.001). Early adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups (10.6% vs. 11.9%; P = 0.78). Among successful cases, late adverse events (4.1% vs. 7.3%; P = 0.47) and recurrence (5 cases [2.9%] vs. 0 cases [0%]) did not differ significantly. Findings were generally consistent after overlap weighting, and mean procedure time remained shorter with pEUS-GBD (7.4 [2.8] vs. 12.0 [5.1] minutes; P &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Both approaches achieved high procedural success within their respective distinct pathways. Prior PTGBD did not appear to compromise subsequent EUS-GBD, suggesting that cEUS-GBD may serve as a valid internalization option in selected patients after initial PTGBD. The shorter procedure time with pEUS-GBD should be interpreted as a workflow-related finding, and the index gallbladder drainage modality should be individualized according to clinical stability, anatomic feasibility, and available endoscopic resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2951-4600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:53:01Z","timestamp":1789426381000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage with or without prior percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage: a multicenter retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Seong-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Jeonju"],"department":["Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Hwaseong"],"department":["Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6068-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Ku","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wonkwang University Hospital, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Iksan"],"department":["Division of Biliopancreas, Department of Internal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eui Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Incheon"],"department":["Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Wan","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Ansan"],"department":["Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Kee","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine at Samsung Medical Center Cancer Center, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Seoul"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Nah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Cheonan"],"department":["Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunae","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Gwangju"],"department":["Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongwook","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea (the Republic of)","place":["Seoul"],"department":["Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2350","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis: a review","volume":"327","author":"JR Gallaher","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.516","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis","volume":"25","author":"K Okamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.504","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: management strategies for gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Y Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319996","article-title":"Endosonography-guided gallbladder drainage versus percutaneous cholecystostomy in very high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis: an international randomised multicentre controlled superiority trial (DRAC 1)","volume":"69","author":"AYB Teoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.09.040","article-title":"Comparison of EUS-guided endoscopic transpapillary and percutaneous gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis: a systematic review with network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"A Podboy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.12.039","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on role of EUS-guided gallbladder drainage in acute cholecystitis: commentary","volume":"21","author":"SS Irani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1717-1391","article-title":"Therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"54","author":"SW van der Merwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13242","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage replacement of percutaneous drainage: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"K Minaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.051","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural and percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage are comparable for acute 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Kaplan\u2013Meier estimator and log-rank test with inverse probability of treatment weighting for survival data","volume":"24","author":"J Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"130","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage reduces adverse events compared with percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients who are unfit for cholecystectomy","volume":"49","author":"AYB Teoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.10.026","article-title":"Conversion of percutaneous cholecystostomy to internal transmural gallbladder drainage using an endoscopic ultrasound-guided, lumen-apposing metal stent","volume":"14","author":"R Law","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_115_17","article-title":"Feasibility of conversion of percutaneous 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