{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:06:28Z","timestamp":1789427188343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007481","name":"Canadian Anesthesia Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007481","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned that general anesthetics and sedative agents in children younger than 3 years may impair neurodevelopment. Very preterm infants could be especially vulnerable because of brain immaturity. We examined the association between the number of US FDA-warned anesthetic and sedative agents and full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at age 3 years in infants born &lt;\u200929 weeks' gestational age (GA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this retrospective study, all infants born (&lt;\u200929 weeks' gestation) between January 2006 and December 2012 were evaluated for exposure to FDA-warned anesthetic and sedative agents from birth through 45 weeks' postconceptual age. The agents included volatile anesthetics, propofol, benzodiazepines, ketamine, chloral hydrate, and barbiturates. Exposure count was defined by the number of different agents administered: 1 exposure (1 agent); 2 exposures (2 agents); and \u2265\u20093 exposures (\u2265\u20093 agents), irrespective of the number of procedures. We analyzed the association between FSIQ and exposure count using imputed and complete case univariable and multivariable linear regressions adjusted for neonatal and maternal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Of 650 eligible infants, 435 (67%) had FSIQ assessed at 3 years. Imputed adjusted associations (95% confidence interval, p-value) between FSIQ and exposure to 1, 2, or \u2265\u20093 different agents were \u2212\u20093 (\u2212\u20097 to 2, p\u2009=\u20090.284), \u2212\u20094 (\u2212\u20099 to 1, p\u2009=\u20090.101), and \u2212\u20097 (\u2212\u200915 to 1, p\u2009=\u20090.079) points, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure to 1, 2, or \u2265\u20093 different FDA-warned anesthetic and sedative agents (volatile anesthetics, propofol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and ketamine) in very preterm infants born &lt;\u200929 weeks' GA was not associated with a clinically meaningful decrease in FSIQ points at 36 months' corrected age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2952-2056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:50:36Z","timestamp":1789426236000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between the Number of US Food and Drug Administration\u2013Warned Anesthetic Exposures and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient at Age 3 Years in Very Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Marika K.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna J.","family":"Fifen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina A.","family":"Benlamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selphee","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Makarchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majeeda","family":"Kamaluddeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Lodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute"]},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","place":["Calgary"],"department":["Department of Community Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101114","article-title":"Have outcomes following extremely preterm birth improved over 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