{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:58:55Z","timestamp":1790380735112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of large-for-gestational age (LGA) births and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) among pregnant individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) following the 2014 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) universal screening recommendation. We analyzed linked U.S. birth and infant death datasets for singleton, non-anomalous births delivered between 230\/7 and 426\/7 weeks' gestation from 2014 to 2022. Multivariate Poisson regression models estimated the independent association between GDM and LGA, small for gestational age (SGA), or HDP. Among the 31,791,459 total births included in the analysis, 6.8% had GDM, and the LGA prevalence declined from 17.9% in 2014 to 14.9% in 2022 (risk ratio [RR] 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82\u20130.84; rate difference \u2212\u20093.06%) without an increase in rates of SGA infants. However, the overall frequency of LGA among pregnancies complicated by GDM was higher than in pregnancies that were not complicated by GDM in the United States during this study period ([GDM] 16.2% vs. [non-GDM] 10.8%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; RR 1.53 [95% CI 1.52\u20131.54]). In contrast, HDP prevalence increased from 11.1 to 15.5% during the same period among pregnancies complicated by GDM (RR 1.40; 95% CI 1.38\u20131.42; rate difference 4.46%). GDM remained independently associated with LGA (adjusted RR [aRR] 1.34 [95% CI 1.33\u20131.34]) and HDP (aRR 1.67 [1.66\u20131.68]). While universal GDM screening and current management strategies have reduced LGA at the population level, LGA still remains persistently higher than in non-GDM pregnancies, and HDP rates continue to rise. Future studies should focus on innovative interventions to improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2957-5259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:08:56Z","timestamp":1789189736000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3832-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy M.","family":"Valent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Oregon, United States","place":["Portland"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharti","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Oregon, United States","place":["Portland"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Caughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Oregon, United States","place":["Portland"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri L.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, College of Nursing, Colorado, United States","place":["Denver"]},{"name":"University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Colorado, United States","place":["Aurora"],"department":["Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes"]},{"name":"Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, United States","place":["Aurora"],"department":["Division of Patient Care Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends and characteristics in gestational diabetes: United States, 2016\u20132020","volume":"71","author":"E CW Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7217","article-title":"Trends in gestational diabetes at first live birth by race and ethnicity in the US, 2011-2019","volume":"326","author":"N S Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group's Criteria","volume":"183","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902430","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes","volume":"361","author":"M B Landon","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042973","article-title":"Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"352","author":"C A Crowther","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11922","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"326","author":"K W Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2905","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"160","author":"V A Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"2. 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