{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:55:45Z","timestamp":1790812545796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"CP","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nanosonics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endosc Int Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background and Study Aims Flexible endoscope-related infection outbreaks with respect to the biofilm in endoscope channels continue to be reported. This article reviews how endoscope fixed-biofilm accumulation (EFBA) develops in flexible endoscope channels over repeated clinical use. The aim of this review is to highlight how EFBA differs from dry surface biofilm (DSB) and hydrated biofilm (HB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Patients\/Materials and Methods The process of (EFBA) formation in patient-used endoscope channels is compared to that of DSB and HB. The inadequate (or lack) of cleaning in narrow endoscope channels and the impact of high level disinfection (HLD) fixing of the EBFA within the endoscope channels result in a very different matrix compared to DSB or HB. The impact of fixed EFBA on microorganism survival within the matrix provides a more stringent and realistic challenge compared to DSB or HB. The choice of an appropriate multispecies biofilm model is also crucial to ensuring that it closely mirrors the clinical aspects related to EFBA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results This comprehensive review confirms that EFBA is a driver of persistent endoscope channel contamination and exogenous transfer of pathogens to patients that can lead to infection. The literature review demonstrates that mono-microbic HB is the most common biofilm model used over the past 20 years, whereas models that integrate rounds of fixation such as the endoscope cyclic buildup biofilm (ECBB) and endoscope buildup biofilm (EBBF) better reflect the clinical aspects of EFBA in patient-used endoscope channels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions The published data support the need for the use of an appropriate fixed-biofilm model when validating cleaning and disinfection processes for flexible endoscope channels, thereby ensuring an optimal margin of safety during clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2965-6797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:12:22Z","timestamp":1790118742000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Comprehensive Review of How Endoscope Channel Biofilm Differs from Hydrated and Dry Surface Biofilm and Its Implications"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0540-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Alfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AlfaMed Consulting Ltd., Canada","place":["Winnipeg"],"department":["Microbiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)93202-4","article-title":"Disinfection of gastrointestinal fibre endoscopes","volume":"303","author":"A TR Axon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(91)90101-d","article-title":"In-hospital evaluation of contamination of duodenoscopes: a quantitative assessment of the effect of drying","volume":"19","author":"M J Alfa","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.04.003","article-title":"Endoscope processing effectiveness: a reality check and call to action for infection preventionists and clinicians","volume":"53","author":"C L Ofstead","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2025.100310","article-title":"Proteomic identification of PA2146 as a biofilm marker of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on endoscope channel material","volume":"10","author":"K van der","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092128","article-title":"A comprehensive review of digestive endoscopy-associated infections: bacterial pathogens, host susceptibility, and the impact of viral hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"D G\u00fcn\u0219ahin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070623","article-title":"Medical device-associated infections caused by biofilm-forming microbial pathogens and controlling strategies","volume":"13","author":"A Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2024.09.018","article-title":"Impact of duodenoscope reprocessing factors on duodenoscope contamination: a retrospective observational study","volume":"154","author":"K van der","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.02.023","article-title":"Establishing a clinically relevant bioburden benchmark: a quality indicator for adequate reprocessing and storage of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes","volume":"40","author":"M J Alfa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.02.027","article-title":"Biofilms on instruments and environmental surfaces: do they interfere with instrument reprocessing and surface disinfection? 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