{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:38:12Z","timestamp":1792625892533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["N42A671041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671041"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund Fiscal Year","award":["2025,TUFT-FF49\/2569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025,TUFT-FF49\/2569"]}]},{"name":"Thammasat University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Centella asiatica (L.) (Gotu Kola) is a medicinal herb traditionally used in Asia for cognitive enhancement, wound healing, and systemic disorders. This systematic review appraises preclinical and clinical evidence on its cardiovascular and neurological effects. Following PRISMA 2020, we searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov (to June 2026) for studies of whole-plant extracts or bioactive compounds (asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassoside, madecassic acid, caffeoylquinic acids) in vitro, in animals, or in humans, excluding dermatological studies, reviews, and articles lacking methods. Sixty-two studies met criteria: 54 preclinical and eight clinical trials, assessed using SYRCLE, an in vitro checklist, and Cochrane RoB 2. Preclinically, C. asiatica modulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduced doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, improved cognitive deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s models, and showed antidepressant-like effects, via Nrf2\/HO-1 antioxidant activation and NF-\u03baB\/MAPK anti-inflammatory suppression. Clinical evidence was mixed: Gotu Kola matched or exceeded folic acid for poststroke vascular cognitive impairment, and three trials of a standardized triterpenic fraction (TTFCA) improved microcirculation in venous hypertensive and diabetic microangiopathy; however, a type 2 diabetes trial found no significant effect on glycated hemoglobin, glucose, or LDL cholesterol, a mild cognitive impairment trial found no added benefit over exercise alone, and a Phase 1 safety trial is ongoing. C. asiatica shows preclinical promise as a multitarget cardiovascular and neurological agent, but clinical evidence remains limited and inconsistent, compounded by an 800-fold preclinical dosing range, variable treatment durations, and geographic concentration (47% from one country). Larger, standardized, multiregion trials targeting these outcomes are needed before therapeutic claims are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2969-6239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:47:21Z","timestamp":1792622841000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacological Activities of Centella asiatica: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Cardiovascular, Neurological, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory Effects"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Aranya","family":"Yuwadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Thailand","place":["Pathumtanee"],"department":["Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Translational Biomedical Sciences and Innovation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanyarat","family":"Boonprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Thailand","place":["Pathumtanee"],"department":["Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Translational Biomedical Sciences and Innovation"]},{"name":"Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Thailand","place":["Pathumtanee"],"department":["Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6389-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kesara","family":"Na-Bangchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Thailand","place":["Pathumtanee"],"department":["Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Translational Biomedical Sciences and Innovation"]},{"name":"Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Thailand","place":["Pathumtanee"],"department":["Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742562","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.742562","article-title":"Centella asiatica (L.) 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male 5XFAD Alzheimer\\\u2019s disease model mice","volume":"12","author":"D G Matthews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210271","article-title":"Prolonged treatment with Centella asiatica improves memory, reduces amyloid-beta pathology, and activates NRF2-regulated antioxidant response pathway in 5xFAD mice","volume":"81","author":"J A Zweig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-023-00701-x","article-title":"In-silico and in-vitro screening of Asiatic acid and Asiaticoside a against Cathepsin S enzyme","volume":"24","author":"T A Ajani","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5396","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.97418","article-title":"The dual functions of the pentacyclic triterpenoid madecassic acid in ameliorating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and enhancing the antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin","volume":"20","author":"W Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131913","article-title":"Caffeoylquinic acids in Centella asiatica protect against amyloid-beta toxicity","volume":"40","author":"N E Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.11.001","article-title":"The protective effect of Centella asiatica and its constituent, araliadiol on neuronal cell damage and cognitive impairment","volume":"148","author":"H Fujimori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.02.115","article-title":"Centella asiatica ameliorates diabetes-induced stress in rat tissues via influences on antioxidants and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"101","author":"B Masola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589444","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1589444","article-title":"Centella asiatica extract improves senescence-associated metabolic dysfunction by targeting inflammation in adipose tissue and macrophage in obesity-induced insulin resistance mice","volume":"16","author":"A J Barinda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115106","article-title":"Attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and improves heart function through multi-level mechanisms revealed by systems pharmacology","volume":"291","author":"B Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.04.011","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of Centella asiatica against LPS\/amyloid beta-induced neurodegeneration through inhibition of neuroinflammation","volume":"575","author":"S Ansari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230875","article-title":"The standardized extract of Centella asiatica and its fractions exert Antioxidative and anti-neuroinflammatory effects on microglial cells and regulate the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"99","author":"A Hambali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1781","article-title":"Asiatic acid attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by blocking transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated hypertrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo","volume":"34","author":"L Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000304","article-title":"Asiatic acid attenuates the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure induced by pressure overload by inhibiting myocardial remodeling in mice","volume":"66","author":"L Si","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105712","article-title":"Asiatic acid inhibits cardiac fibrosis through Nrf2\/HO-1 and TGF-\u03b21\/Smads signaling pathways in spontaneous hypertension rats","volume":"74","author":"Z Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S175116","article-title":"Asiatic acid protests against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury via modulation of glycometabolism in rat cardiomyocyte","volume":"12","author":"Y Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref19","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of asiatic acid on autophagy in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro","volume":"20","author":"C Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00763-9","article-title":"Asiatic acid alleviates ischemic myocardial injury in mice by modulating mitophagy- and glycophagy-based energy metabolism","volume":"43","author":"F Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267450","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3267450","article-title":"Asiatic acid alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the ROS-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway","volume":"2022","author":"C Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000754","article-title":"Hexokinase II upregulation contributes to asiaticoside-induced protection of H9c2 cardioblasts during oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation","volume":"75","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4424","article-title":"Asiaticoside attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation-caused injury of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting autophagy","volume":"43","author":"M Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-017-9424-0","article-title":"Asiatic acid ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac and hepato-renal toxicities with 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A\u03b225--35-induced apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 signaling","volume":"208","author":"W Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.07.009","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of madecassoside in early stage of Parkinson\u2019s disease induced by MPTP in rats","volume":"90","author":"C L Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.02.005","article-title":"Asiaticoside: attenuation of rotenone induced oxidative burden in a rat model of hemiparkinsonism by maintaining the phosphoinositide-mediated synaptic integrity","volume":"155","author":"M Gopi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2014.03.004","article-title":"Asiaticoside attenuates memory impairment induced by transient cerebral ischemia--reperfusion in mice through anti-inflammatory mechanism","volume":"122","author":"S Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.008","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of madecassoside against focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"1565","author":"Y Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.11.030","article-title":"Madecassoside protects BV2 microglial cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reperfusion-induced injury via inhibition of the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway","volume":"1679","author":"Y Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.109871","article-title":"Intermittent fasting along with hydroalcoholic extract of Centella-asiatica ameliorates sub-acute hypoxia-induced ischemic stroke in adult zebrafish","volume":"279","author":"P Bindal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.111","article-title":"Protective effect of Centella asiatica against D-galactose and aluminium chloride induced rats: Behavioral and ultrastructural approaches","volume":"109","author":"S M Chiroma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.03.017","article-title":"Protection of mouse brain from paracetamol-induced stress by Centella asiatica methanol extract","volume":"236","author":"G Viswanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11305","article-title":"Asiaticoside produces an antidepressant-like effect in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression in mice, involving reversion of inflammation and the PKA\/pCREB\/BDNF signaling pathway","volume":"22","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10182","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04198-1","article-title":"Hydroalcoholic extract of Centella asiatica and madecassic acid reverse depressive-like behaviors, inflammation and oxidative stress in adult rats submitted to stress in early life","volume":"61","author":"A G Bertollo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461873","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1461873","article-title":"Asiaticoside improves depressive-like behavior in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress through modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Q Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref42","first-page":"3033","article-title":"Madecassoside activates anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial inflammation","volume":"41","author":"A O Sasmita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134386","article-title":"Madecassoside ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in rats by activating the Nrf2-HO-1 pathway","volume":"709","author":"S Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155494","article-title":"Asiaticoside exerts neuroprotection through targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"127","author":"Z He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.141064.1","article-title":"Effect of Centella asiatica ethanol extract on zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) insomnia model through inhibition of orexin, ERK, Akt and p38","volume":"13","author":"Z Afif","year":"2024","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178204","article-title":"Asiaticoside alleviates migraine-induced cognitive impairment via TLR4-mediated apoptosis regulation","volume":"1007","author":"W Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i10.12","article-title":"Asiatic acid increased locomotor and head width by inducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor in intrauterine hypoxia-exposed zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"A Ariani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05145-w","article-title":"A standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) alleviates brain injury and improves brain function in \u03b2-thalassemia mice with iron overload","volume":"25","author":"P Yatmark","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.03.015","article-title":"Madecassoside suppresses LPS-induced TNF-\u03b1 production in cardiomyocytes through inhibition of ERK, p38, and NF-\u03baB activity","volume":"10","author":"W Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.02.007","article-title":"Centella asiatica water extract inhibits iPLA2 and cPLA2 activities in rat cerebellum","volume":"15","author":"N R Barbosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.03.007","article-title":"Lipoic acid inhibits expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by CNS endothelial cells and T cell migration into the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"175","author":"P Chaudhary","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.06.024","article-title":"Asiaticoside attenuates diabetes-induced cognition deficits by regulating PI3K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"292","author":"Z Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.005","article-title":"Asiatic acid ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) via suppressing profibrotic and inflammatory signaling pathways","volume":"89","author":"S H Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.09.014","article-title":"Asiaticoside: attenuation of neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in a rat model of parkinsonism via maintaining redox balance and upregulating the ratio of Bcl-2\/Bax","volume":"100","author":"C L Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1\/3","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.01.006","article-title":"Asiatic acid protects primary neurons against C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis","volume":"679","author":"X Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.117034","article-title":"Madecassoside exerts anti-neurodegeneration effects in protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase deficient mice via targeting PRDX2-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"239","author":"W Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01624-y","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"M J Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"2795915","article-title":"Effectiveness of Gotu Kola extract 750 mg and 1000 mg compared with folic acid 3 mg in improving vascular cognitive impairment after stroke","volume":"2016","author":"K M Farhana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2244388.194","article-title":"Does Gotu kola supplementation improve cognitive function, inflammation, and oxidative stress more than 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A randomized controlled study","volume":"18","author":"J Phoemsapthawee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.038","article-title":"Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica","volume":"116","author":"J Wattanathorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105202S12","article-title":"Total Triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in the treatment of venous hypertension: a clinical, prospective, randomized trial using a combined microcirculatory model","volume":"52","author":"L Incandela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105202S10","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment of diabetic microangiopathy with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a clinical prospective randomized trial with a microcirculatory model","volume":"52","author":"M R Cesarone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105202S06","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a prospective, placebo-controlled randomized study","volume":"52","author":"L Incandela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680647","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1680647","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Centella asiatica (L.) 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