{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:51:26Z","timestamp":1791849086833,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The high volume of pitches in softball generates substantial shoulder forces,\n                    making it a common injury site. Effective proximal-to-distal energy transfer\n                    through the lower extremities and lumbopelvic-hip complex is critical for force\n                    distribution, although this relationship has not been well examined in youth.\n                    The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between single-leg\n                    squat compensatory mechanics and upper extremity kinetics in youth softball\n                    pitchers. A total of 72 youth softball pitchers participated. Participants\n                    performed isometric hip strength testing, bilateral single-leg squats, and\n                    pitched 3\u201310 fastballs. Separate ordinary least squares regression models were\n                    conducted for each pitch kinetic variable, with all single-leg squat variables\n                    entered together as predictors for each separate pitch kinetic dependent\n                    variable. Drive knee valgus and hip strength ratio, along with pitch velocity,\n                    were associated with relative peak shoulder distraction force, while stride\n                    trunk lean and age were associated with relative peak EDF. Drive trunk rotation\n                    was the only variable associated with shoulder resultant force and shoulder\n                    extension torque, and no variables were associated with shoulder or elbow\n                    flexion torque. The current findings support the concept that proximal trunk\n                    control and lower extremity stability during single-leg tasks may be related to\n                    distal joint loading during the pitching motion in softball.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2974-4909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:13:02Z","timestamp":1791846782000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-Leg Squat and Upper Extremity Kinetics during Windmill\n                    Softball Pitching"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Everhart Grindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["School of Kinesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8252-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline R.","family":"Klubertanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["Human Development and Family Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Jump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["School of Kinesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0232-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Zappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["School of Kinesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle N.","family":"Pfund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["School of Kinesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenzie B.","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Canada","place":["Saskatoon"],"department":["Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University, Florida, United States","place":["Miami"],"department":["Physical Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen D.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Alabama, United States","place":["Auburn"],"department":["School of Kinesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-668-20","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association women\u2019s\n                    softball: 2014\u20132015 through 2018\u20132019","volume":"56","author":"K L Veillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119865171","article-title":"Association of upper extremity pain with softball pitching kinematics and\n                    kinetics","volume":"7","author":"G D Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2721-0392","article-title":"Ground reaction forces and peak throwing shoulder forces in softball high school\n                    pitchers","volume":"47","author":"K Friesen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211055141","article-title":"Biomechanics related to increased softball pitcher shoulder stress: Implications\n                    for injury prevention","volume":"50","author":"K B Friesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241310243","article-title":"Low-cost lower extremity screening to predict shoulder distraction force in\n                    college soft`ball pitchers","volume":"53","author":"S Ulman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s1058-2746(98)90182-3","article-title":"Dynamic glenohumeral joint stability","volume":"7","author":"N Wuelker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.6.405","article-title":"Biomechanics of windmill softball pitching with implications about injury\n                    mechanisms at the shoulder and elbow","volume":"28","author":"S W Barrentine","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221144757","article-title":"Single leg squat and reported upper extremity pain in collegiate softball\n                    pitchers","volume":"11","author":"K Everhart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395456","article-title":"Performance on the single-leg squat task indicates hip abductor muscle\n                    function","volume":"39","author":"K M Crossley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2023.05.005","article-title":"Role of gluteus maximus and medius activation in the lower limb biomechanical\n                    control during functional single-leg tasks: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"M B Nascimento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181dc43af","article-title":"Kinematic motion of the windmill softball pitch in prepubescent and pubescent\n                    girls","volume":"24","author":"G D Oliver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020168","article-title":"The effect of peak height velocity on strength and power development of young\n                    athletes: a scoping review","volume":"10","author":"N-O Retzepis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"150","article-title":"Developmental changes in the youth athlete: implications for movement, skills\n                    acquisition, performance and injuries","volume":"62","author":"M Corso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Can Chiropr Assoc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211052022","article-title":"Differences in lower extremity kinematics between collegiate and youth softball\n                    pitchers","volume":"9","author":"J L Downs Talmage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-145-20","article-title":"Hip range of motion and strength and energy flow during windmill softball\n                    pitching","volume":"56","author":"G D Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.06.001","article-title":"Functional differences in softball pitchers with and without upper extremity\n                    pain","volume":"22","author":"G D Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c865ce","article-title":"Gluteal muscle group activation and its relationship with pelvis and torso\n                    kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"G D Oliver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cc22de","article-title":"Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in\n                    high-school baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"G D Oliver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints\n                    for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and\n                    hand","volume":"38","author":"G Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967121990920","article-title":"Single-leg squat compensations are associated with softball pitching\n                    pathomechanics in adolescent softball pitchers","volume":"9","author":"K B Friesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118784937","article-title":"Relationship of glove arm kinematics with established pitching kinematic and\n                    kinetic variables among youth baseball pitchers","volume":"6","author":"J Barfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints\n                    for reporting of human joint motion-part I: ankle, hip, and spine","volume":"35","author":"G Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metip.2024.100140","article-title":"Inconsistent multiple testing corrections: the fallacy of using family-based\n                    error rates to make inferences about individual hypotheses","volume":"10","author":"M Rubin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Psychol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671261451767","article-title":"Impact of the lower body on softball pitching velocity","volume":"14","author":"I P Jump","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ortho J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.06.011","article-title":"Using the single leg squat as an assessment of stride leg knee mechanics in\n                    adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"22","author":"K W Wasserberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20180058","article-title":"Trunk lean during a single-leg squat is associated iwth trunk lean during\n                    pitching","volume":"13","author":"H Plummer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2974-4909.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:13:04Z","timestamp":1791846784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2974-4909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2974-4909","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]}}}