{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:02:28Z","timestamp":1793408548043,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) is part of a spectrum of thyroid autoimmune\n                    conditions and this review provides an update on the latest developments in the\n                    field. HT has a genetic predisposition with a number of immune-related and\n                    thyroid-specific genes conferring disease susceptibility. However, disentangling\n                    genes with protective and predisposing effect is a complex process that requires\n                    further work. The recent increase in the incidence of HT implicates\n                    environmental factors in disease pathogenesis including improved hygiene,\n                    increased dietary iodine intake, new treatment modalities and chemical agents.\n                    Additional unmodifiable predisposing factors include stress, climate, age and\n                    gender. Both cellular and humoral immunity play a role in HT pathogenesis.\n                    Defects in T regulatory cells and increased activation of follicular helper T\n                    cells may have a role in disease initiation\/perpetuation. Infiltrating\n                    lymphocytes can be directly cytotoxic to thyroid follicular cells (TFC) or may\n                    affect cell viability\/function indirectly through cytokine production, which\n                    alters TFC integrity and modulates their metabolic and immune function. Thyroid\n                    peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies are present in the majority of HT\n                    patients and help with management decisions. Antibodies against the sodium\n                    iodide symporter and pendrin are present in a minority with little known about\n                    their clinical relevance. In addition to immune cells, recent work has\n                    identified DNA fragments, generated following cell death, and micro RNA as\n                    potential factors in HT pathogenesis. Despite the large number of studies, the\n                    mechanistic pathways in HT are still not fully understood and further work is\n                    required to enhance our knowledge and identify novel preventative and\n                    therapeutic clinical targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]],"date-time":"2015-09-11T22:31:54Z","timestamp":1442010714000},"page":"702-710","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["The Pathogenesis of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: Further Developments in\n                    our Understanding"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"R. A.","family":"Ajjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of\n                    Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds,\n                    UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. P.","family":"Weetman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield,\n                    UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Zur Kenntniss der lymphomat\u00f6sen Ver\u00e4nderung der Schilddr\u00fcse (Struma\n                    lymphomatosa)","volume":"97","author":"H Hashimoto","year":"1912","journal-title":"Arch Lin Chir"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5020.672","article-title":"Lymphadenoid goitre (Hashimoto\u2019s disease); diagnostic and biochemical\n                    aspects","volume":"1","author":"D Doniach","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1370","article-title":"Thyroid volume in hypothyroidism due to autoimmune 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