{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T04:10:43Z","timestamp":1648527043703},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Background\u2003Cerebral vasospasm as a delayed, possibly treatable sequel of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a focus of experimental animal research. For this purpose, the rat is not a good model because of the difficulty creating a stable subarachnoid clot that persists\u2009&gt;\u20091 to 2 days and could induce vasospasm. Only in rat models with a high mortality of \u223c 50% or more can SAH and its effects be investigated. Therefore, other animals than rodents are used for investigating the delayed effects of SAH. Only animal studies addressing the acute effects of SAH use rats.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003We designed a model that allows intensive clot formation combined with low mortality to facilitate studies on the delayed effects of experimental SAH, for example, delayed vasospasm or other alterations of vessels.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Methods\u2003After in vitro acceleration of the clotting process in the rats' blood by tissue factor and preliminary in vivo testing, we induced a SAH by injecting blood together with tissue factor in 22 rats. We analyzed clot expansion, length of clot persistence, chronic alterations, and histologic changes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003The injection of blood supplemented by tissue factor led to persistent voluminous blood clots in the subarachnoid space close to the large arteries. Despite the pronounced SAH, all animals survived, allowing investigation of delayed SAH effects. All animals killed within the first 7 days after surgery had extensive clots; in some animals, the clots remained until postoperative day 12. During further clot degradation connective tissue appeared, possibly as a precursor of SAH-related late hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003The injection of blood together with tissue factor significantly improves SAH induction in the rat model. This rat model allows studying delayed SAH effects as found in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1641561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T08:33:26Z","timestamp":1532334806000},"page":"424-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reintroduction of the Rat for Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Accelerated Clot Formation: A Low Mortality Model with Persistent Clots as a Precondition for Studies in Vasospasm"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Budde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haemostasiologie, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Middendorff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Manthei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Kemmling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf Klinik und Poliklinik fur Neuroradiologische Diagnostik und Intervention, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Tiemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Versuchstierheilkunde, University Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Ehlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"container-title":["Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0038-1641561.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T22:42:48Z","timestamp":1533681768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0038-1641561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1641561","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-6315","2193-6323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-6315","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6323","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]}}}