{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:41:40Z","timestamp":1792500100956,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK085252, R21AA025841, T32HL134637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK085252, R21AA025841, T32HL134637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001424","name":"American Liver Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Irwin M. Arias, MD, Postdoctoral Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Irwin M. Arias, MD, Postdoctoral Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013015","name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Winnick Research Award, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute-Center for Integrated Research in Cancer and Lifestyle Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Winnick Research Award, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute-Center for Integrated Research in Cancer and Lifestyle Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Liver Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis arising from different etiologies, including hepatitis B and C and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. The inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-6 and their downstream targets nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 drive inflammation-associated HCC. Further, while adaptive immunity promotes immune surveillance to eradicate early HCC, adaptive immune cells, such as CD8+ T cells, Th17 cells, and B cells, can also stimulate HCC development. Thus, the role of the hepatic immune system in HCC development is a highly complex topic. This review highlights the role of cytokine signals, NF-\u03baB, JNK, innate and adaptive immunity, and hepatic stellate cells in HCC and discusses whether these pathways could be therapeutic targets. The authors will also discuss cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis because biliary inflammation and tumor-associated stroma are essential for cholangiocarcinoma development and because primary tumor-derived inflammatory mediators promote the formation of a \u201cpremetastasis niche\u201d in the liver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T18:55:09Z","timestamp":1547751309000},"page":"026-042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":419,"title":["Inflammation and Liver Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yoon","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekihiro","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]},"container-title":["Seminars in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0038-1676806.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T18:36:07Z","timestamp":1548873367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0038-1676806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1676806","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-8087","1098-8971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-8087","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]}}}