{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:31:40Z","timestamp":1792477900713,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Nasal fractures account for up to 58% of facial fractures. However, the literature characterizing associated injuries and risk factors for nasal fractures is sparse and is mostly composed of single-center experiences. This study sought to provide a large descriptive analysis and identify associated injuries and risk factors for nasal fractures in trauma using a national database. A retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2007 to 2015 was performed. Patients \u226518 years of age with nasal fractures were included. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify predictors for nasal fracture in trauma. Of 5,494,609 trauma patients in the NTDB, 255,533 (4.6%) had a nasal fracture. Most were male (74.8%) with a mean age of 45.6 years. Blunt trauma accounted for 90.5% of fractures, with motor vehicle accident being the most common mechanism (27.5%). Closed fractures occurred in 93.0% of patients. Concomitant injuries included traumatic brain injury (TBI; 56.9%), malar\/maxillary fracture (27.9%), and open wound of the face (38.6%) and nose (9.5%). Of all patients, 10.1% underwent closed or open reductions at index hospitalization. The strongest associated injuries with nasal fracture included open wound of the nose (odds ratio [OR]: 8.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.49\u20138.94, p &lt; 0.001), epistaxis (OR: 5.26, 95% CI: 4.59\u20136.02, p &lt; 0.001), malar\/maxillary fracture (OR: 4.38, 95% CI: 4.30\u20134.45, p &lt; 0.001), and orbital fracture (OR: 3.99, 95% CI: 3.91\u20134.06, p &lt; 0.001). Nasal fractures are common traumatic injuries with more than 90% occurring by blunt mechanism and over half suffering from a concomitant TBI. The strongest associated injury with nasal fracture is an open wound of the nose. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1677724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T01:22:33Z","timestamp":1548206553000},"page":"221-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["National Analysis of Risk Factors for Nasal Fractures and Associated Injuries in Trauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tiffany T.","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areg","family":"Grigorian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Roditi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffry T.","family":"Nahmias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001805"},{"key":"bibr2-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1269763"},{"key":"bibr3-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80405-6"},{"key":"bibr4-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.9.2.82"},{"key":"bibr5-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200008000-00003"},{"key":"bibr6-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200301000-00019"},{"key":"bibr7-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318133a87b"},{"key":"bibr8-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003477"},{"key":"bibr9-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003482"},{"key":"bibr10-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1293520"},{"key":"bibr11-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130208100116"},{"key":"bibr12-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25457"},{"key":"bibr13-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.09.018"},{"key":"bibr14-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.06.333"},{"key":"bibr15-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002087"},{"key":"bibr16-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2014.09.002"},{"key":"bibr17-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.08.015"},{"key":"bibr19-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197403000-00001"},{"key":"bibr20-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.07.009"},{"key":"bibr21-s-0039-1677724","first-page":"e3","volume":"12","author":"P\u00e9rez-Guisado J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"bibr22-s-0039-1677724","first-page":"3","volume":"54","author":"Cormier J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"bibr23-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12006"},{"key":"bibr24-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.018994"},{"key":"bibr25-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.4.0542"},{"key":"bibr26-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.134.1.14"},{"key":"bibr27-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80492-X"},{"key":"bibr28-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.05.030"},{"key":"bibr29-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.166"},{"key":"bibr30-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475791.31361.9a"},{"key":"bibr31-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2016.0733"},{"key":"bibr32-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2009.11"},{"key":"bibr33-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.10.1189"},{"key":"bibr34-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002030"},{"key":"bibr35-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200002000-00005"},{"key":"bibr36-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816688179"},{"key":"bibr37-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.142612"},{"key":"bibr38-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182aafcd5"},{"key":"bibr39-s-0039-1677724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(97)70210-9"}],"container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677724","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677724","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677724","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T09:39:08Z","timestamp":1742290748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1943-3883\/12\/3\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1055\/s-0039-1677724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677724","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3875","1943-3883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3875","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}