{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:39:48Z","timestamp":1783161588213,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003The auditory brain stem implant (ABI) is a neuroprosthesis placed on the surface of the cochlear nucleus (CN) to provide hearing sensations in children and adults who are not candidates for cochlear implantation. Contemporary ABI arrays are stiff and do not conform to the curved brain stem surface. Recent advancements in microfabrication techniques have enabled the development of flexible surface arrays, but these have only been applied in animal models. Herein, we measure the surface curvature of the human CN and adjoining regions to assist in the design and placement of next-generation conformable clinical ABI arrays. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from ultrahigh T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences and histologic reconstructions based on postmortem adult human brain stem specimens were used.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Design\u2003This is a retrospective review of radiologic data and postmortem histologic axial sections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Setting\u2003This is set at the tertiary referral center.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Participants\u2003Data were acquired from healthy adults.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Main Outcome Measures\u2003The main outcome measures are principal curvature values (Kmin and Kmax) and global radius of curvature.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The CN was successfully extracted and rendered as a 3D surface in all cases. Significant curvatures of the CN in both histologic and radiographic reconstructions were found with global radius of curvature ranging from 2.08 to 8.5 mm. In addition, local curvature analysis revealed that the surface is highly complex.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Detailed rendering of the human CN is feasible using histology and 3D MRI reconstruction and highlights complex surface topography that is not recapitulated by contemporary stiff ABI arrays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1677863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]],"date-time":"2019-02-23T00:17:06Z","timestamp":1550881026000},"page":"114-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction of the Human Cochlear Nucleus: Implications for Auditory Brain Stem Implant Design"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Tarabichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek V.","family":"Kanumuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Vachicouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprostheses, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0877-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenz","family":"Epprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott D.","family":"Kozin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Reinshagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie P.","family":"Lacour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprostheses, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Christian","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"container-title":["Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677863.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T07:14:02Z","timestamp":1587021242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0039-1677863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677863","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-6331","2193-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-6331","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]}}}