{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:43:20Z","timestamp":1778931800839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003This study aimed to determine associations between maternal cigarette smoking and adverse birth and maternal outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Study Design\u2003This is a 10-year population-based retrospective cohort study including 4,971,896 resident births in California. Pregnancy outcomes of maternal smokers were compared with those of nonsmokers. The outcomes of women who stopped smoking before or during various stages of pregnancy were also investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Infants of women who smoked during pregnancy were twice as likely to have low birth weight (LBW) and be small for gestational age (SGA), 57% more likely to have very LBW (VLBW) or be a preterm birth (PTB), and 59% more likely to have a very PTB compared with infants of nonsmokers. During the study period, a significant widening of gaps developed in both rates of LBW and PTB and the percentage of SGA between infants of maternal smokers and nonsmokers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse birth and maternal outcomes, and differences in rates of LBW, PTB, and SGA between infants of maternal smokers and nonsmokers increased during this period. Stopping smoking before pregnancy or even during the first trimester significantly decreased the infant risks of LBW, PTB, SGA, and the maternal risk for cesarean delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T22:47:55Z","timestamp":1564613275000},"page":"1364-1376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Smoking during Pregnancy and Adverse Birth and Maternal Outcomes in California, 2007 to 2016"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anura W.G.","family":"Ratnasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benefits Division, California Department of Health Care Services, Sacramento, California"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benefits Division, California Department of Health Care Services, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald A.","family":"Dieckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven S.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benefits Division, California Department of Health Care Services, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivi N.","family":"Arief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian H.","family":"DeLacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyan","family":"Lakshminrusimha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph J.","family":"DiLibero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benefits Division, California Department of Health Care Services, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaye E.","family":"Basford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","first-page":"929","article-title":"Committee Opinion No. 721 Summary: smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"130","author":"ACOG","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Reports of the Surgeon General","author":"Office of the Surgeon General","year":"2004"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.842551","article-title":"The 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