{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:55:25Z","timestamp":1782456925207,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Infectious diseases account for up to 43% of childhood hospitalizations. Given the magnitude of infection-related hospitalizations, we aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk for long-term childhood infectious morbidity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003This is a population-based cohort analysis comparing the long-term risk for infectious diseases, in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy versus those who did not. Infectious diseases were predefined based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Deliveries occurred between the years 1991 and 2014.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003A total of 246,854 newborns met the inclusion criteria; 2,986 (1.2%) were born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Offspring of smokers had significantly higher risk for several infectious diseases during childhood (upper respiratory tract, otitis, viral infections, and bronchitis) as well as increased risk for total infection-related hospitalizations (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3\u20131.7; p\u2009=\u20090.001). Cumulative incidence of infection-related hospitalizations was significantly higher in offspring of smokers (log-rank test, p\u2009=\u20090.001). Controlling for maternal age, diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and gestational age at index delivery, smoking remained an independent risk factor for infectious diseases during childhood (adjusted hazard ratio\u2009=\u20091.5, 95% CI: 1.3\u20131.6; p\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003Intrauterine exposure to maternal smoking may create an environment leading to an increased future risk for long-term pediatric infectious morbidity of the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1695773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T23:17:31Z","timestamp":1567811851000},"page":"166-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and the Risk for Childhood Infectious Diseases in the Offspring: A Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Nadav","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Sheiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Wainstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Kessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.07.009","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation and fetal programming","volume":"22","author":"C Gicquel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.43.1.166","article-title":"Maternal component in NIDDM transmission. 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