{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:53:31Z","timestamp":1794009211946,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003We classified Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) according to the mechanism of ptosis of the brain stem and cerebellum, based on a morphometric study of the posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and craniovertebral junction (CVJ). Surgery was performed to manage the mechanism of the hindbrain ptosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003We calculated the volume of the PCF (VPCF) and the area surrounding the foramen magnum (VSFM) and measured the axial length of the enchondral parts of the occipital bone (occipital bone size) and the hindbrain. According to these measures, we classified CM-I into type A (normal VPCF, normal VSFM, and normal occipital bone size), type B (normal VPCF, small VSFM, and small occipital bone size), and type C (small VPCF, small VSFM, and small occipital bone size). Foramen magnum decompression (FMD) (280 cases) was performed on CM-I types A and B. Expansive suboccipital cranioplasty (ESCP) was performed on CM-I type C. Posterior craniocervical fixation (CCF) was performed in cases with CVJ instability. Lysis of the adhesion and\/or sectioning of the filum terminale were performed on cases with tethered cord syndrome.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Both ESCP and FMD had a high rate of improvement of neurological symptoms (87%) and recovery rate. There was only small number of complications. CCF had a high rate of improvement of neurological symptoms (88%) and joint stabilization.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003In the management of Chiari malformation, appropriate surgical methods that address ptosis of the hindbrain should be chosen. Each surgical approach resulted in a good improvement of neurological symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T02:16:25Z","timestamp":1569896185000},"page":"264-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Surgical Management of Chiari Malformations: Preliminary Results of Surgery According to the Mechanisms of Ptosis of the Brain Stem and Cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Misao","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Moriguchi-Ikuno Memorial Hospital, Koudoukai Health System, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"The Chiari Institute, North Shore University Hospital, New York, United States"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo A.","family":"Bolognese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chiari Institute, North Shore University Hospital, New York, United States"},{"name":"Chiari Neurosurgical Center, Long Island, New York, United State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger W.","family":"Kula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chiari Institute, North Shore University Hospital, New York, United States"},{"name":"Chiari Neurosurgical Center, Long Island, New York, United State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Ikuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Moriguchi-Ikuno Memorial Hospital, Koudoukai Health System, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Takami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ohata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.1.0040","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Chiari malformation: a morphometric study of the posterior cranial fossa","volume":"86","author":"M Nishikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199905000-00042","article-title":"Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients","volume":"44","author":"T H 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