{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:33:59Z","timestamp":1782747239654,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH 4T32HD043029\u201314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 4T32HD043029\u201314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Duke Children's: Children's Miracle Network Hospitals and Duke Pediatrics Resident Research Grants for Kristin Weimer and National Institutes of Health","award":["4DP2-HD075699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4DP2-HD075699"]}]},{"name":"Duke Children's: Children's Miracle Network Hospitals and Duke Pediatrics Resident Research Grants for Kristin Weimer and National Institutes of Health","award":["5R21-AI136556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R21-AI136556"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003Very low birth weight preterm infants are at risk for life-threatening infections in the NICU. Breast milk protects against infections but carries the risk of infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) shed in mother's milk. Lactoferrin is a breast milk and saliva protein with potent neutralizing activity against CMV.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Study Design\u2003VLBW, maternal breast milk fed infants in the NICU and their lactating mothers were enrolled and followed for 3 months\/discharge. Breast milk and infant saliva samples were collected biweekly. Maternal CMV status was determined on breast milk. CMV was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and lactoferrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003In an in vitro neutralization assay, the IC90 of purified human lactoferrin against CMV was 2.08\u2009ng\/mL. Bovine lactoferrins were more potent, IC90s\u2009&gt;\u200910-fold higher. Lactoferrin was detected in all breast milk (median: 3.3\u2009\u00d7\u2009106\u2009ng\/mL) and saliva (median: 84.4\u2009ng\/swab) samples. Median CMV load in breast milk was 893 copies\/mL. There was no correlation between breast milk lactoferrin concentration and CMV load. Five infants acquired postnatal CMV. There was no difference in saliva or breast milk lactoferrin concentration for mother\u2013infant pairs and postnatal CMV acquisition.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Lactoferrin neutralizes CMV in vitro, but concentrations in breast milk and saliva are likely too low for effective neutralization in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1701609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T23:56:31Z","timestamp":1582070191000},"page":"1070-1077","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Breast Milk and Saliva Lactoferrin Levels and Postnatal Cytomegalovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Kristin E. D.","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Roark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Michael","family":"Cotten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Bidegain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallie R.","family":"Permar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"},{"name":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North 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