{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:21:48Z","timestamp":1792984908150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003Erythromycin (Ery) and leech saliva (LS) can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth in in vitro conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the activities and synergy between Ery and LS on chronic osteomyelitis in male Wistar rat's tibia induced by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003Four weeks after osteomyelitis induction, rats were divided into four groups including no treatment (control), Ery monotherapy (orally), LS monotherapy, or Ery\u2009+\u2009LS twice daily for 2 weeks. Staphylococcus aureus growth, pathological signs and inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels were assessed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Rats tolerated all therapeutic strategies well during the experiment. The Ery treatment alone significantly decreased bacterial growth, pathological signs and TNF-\u03b1 levels. Leech saliva alone reduced TNF-\u03b1 level significantly, but did not produce a significant reduction in bacterial growth and pathological signs. Ery\u2009+\u2009LS treatment significantly decreased bacterial growth, considerably alleviated bone pathological signs and decreased TNF-\u03b1 levels compared with other groups. Statistical analysis suggested that there was a stronger efficiency and synergistic action of Ery and LS when combined against MRSA-induced osteomyelitis in rats.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Clinical Significance\u2003The present study suggests that LS may have clinical utility to treat MRSA-induced osteomyelitis when combined with Ery or other therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1703008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:10:17Z","timestamp":1588291817000},"page":"243-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Co-administration of Erythromycin and Leech Salivary Extract Alleviates Osteomyelitis in Rats Induced by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Bahar","family":"Gerivani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Staji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rassouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooshin","family":"Ghazaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Javaheri","family":"Vayeghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12921","article-title":"Treatment strategies for chronic osteomyelitis in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review","volume":"22","author":"J Geurts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000155","article-title":"Current concepts in pathogenesis of acute and chronic osteomyelitis","volume":"28","author":"B E Beck-Broichsitter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect 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