{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:50:28Z","timestamp":1793116228861,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","funder":[{"name":"Dr. & Mrs. Mathias Pediatric Research and Education Fund, Hurley Medical Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003The lead-in-water impact of the Flint water crisis on the youngest and most neurodevelopmentally vulnerable population was largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare cord blood lead levels (CBLLs) in newborns in Flint, Michigan, after the Flint water crisis, to a group of Detroit newborns.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Study Design\u2003Mothers of 99 Flint newborns were surveyed about potential lead exposures. These neonates were born after the recognition of population-wide lead-in-water contamination. CBLLs were measured and maternal\u2013fetal metrics were reviewed. CBLLs and maternal\u2013fetal metrics were then compared with those of a retrospective cohort of 116 Detroit newborns who previously shared the same water source. Analysis involved descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and \u03c7\n          2 analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003CBLLs greater than or equal to 1\u2009\u03bcg\/dL (0.05\u2009\u03bcmol\/L) were more prevalent among Flint newborns (14%), as compared with Detroit newborns (2%; p\u2009=\u20090.001). This was a sevenfold disparity between Flint and Detroit newborns. No statistically significant differences were found in birth weight, head circumference, small for gestational age status, gestational age, or preterm status among the two groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The Flint water crisis potentially exposed newborns to lead in utero, implicating maternal\u2013fetal outcomes and future health and development. Primary prevention efforts, including identification and mitigation of lead exposure before conception and during pregnancy, are needed. New environmental exposure detection methods and long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up will complement the findings of this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1705135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T23:44:56Z","timestamp":1583538296000},"page":"e26-e32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Umbilical Cord Blood Lead Level Disparities between Flint and Detroit"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Hanna-Attisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Residency Program, Hurley Children's Hospital at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashweena","family":"Gonuguntla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan"},{"name":"Newborn Nursery, Hurley Children's Hospital at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Peart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Residency Program, Hurley Children's Hospital at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"LaChance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan"},{"name":"Office of Medical Education Research and Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Kay","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan"},{"name":"Office of Medical Education Research and Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00791","article-title":"Evaluating water lead levels during the Flint water crisis","volume":"52","author":"K J Pieper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.303003","article-title":"Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health response","volume":"106","author":"M Hanna-Attisha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6525e1","article-title":"Blood lead levels among children aged <6 years\u2014Flint, Michigan, 2013\u20132016","volume":"65","author":"C Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.8.912","article-title":"Investigation of blood lead concentrations in dogs living in Flint, Michigan","volume":"251","author":"D K Langlois","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","first-page":"RA329","article-title":"Lead toxicity update. 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