{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:22:37Z","timestamp":1790266957982,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>At least 5% of sarcoidosis patients die from their disease, usually from advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. The three major problems encountered in advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis are pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and respiratory infections. Pulmonary fibrosis is the result of chronic inflammation, but other factors including abnormal wound healing may be important. Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) is multifactorial including parenchymal fibrosis, vascular granulomas, and hypoxia. Respiratory infections can be cause by structural changes in the lung and impaired immunity due to sarcoidosis or therapy. Anti-inflammatory therapy alone is not effective in most forms of advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. New techniques, including high-resolution computer tomography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) have proved helpful in identifying the cause of advanced disease and directing specific therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T22:35:42Z","timestamp":1597098942000},"page":"700-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Advanced Pulmonary Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Rohit","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Baughman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00457-2016","article-title":"Sarcoidosis-related mortality in France: a multiple-cause-of-death analysis","volume":"48","author":"Y Jamilloux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1679OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis-related mortality in the United States from 1988 to 2007","volume":"183","author":"J J Swigris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1120","article-title":"Racial difference in sarcoidosis mortality in the United States","volume":"147","author":"M Mirsaeidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.07.008","article-title":"Predictors of Mortality in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis","volume":"153","author":"G Kirkil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70276-5","article-title":"An integrated clinicoradiological staging system for pulmonary sarcoidosis: a case-cohort study","volume":"2","author":"S L Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02396-2016","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis complicating sarcoidosis","volume":"49","author":"Y Uzunhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000612","article-title":"Advanced sarcoidosis","volume":"25","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00187410","article-title":"Stage IV sarcoidosis: comparison of survival with the general population and causes of death","volume":"38","author":"A Nardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","first-page":"154","article-title":"Predicting respiratory failure in sarcoidosis patients","volume":"14","author":"R P Baughman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","first-page":"178","article-title":"Clinical findings in 715 patients with newly detected pulmonary sarcoidosis--results of a cooperative study in former West Germany and Switzerland. 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