{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:33:03Z","timestamp":1740126783303,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Homeopathy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003The nosodes are well-known preparations in homeopathy that are sourced from organisms and diseased materials. More than 40 known nosodes have been used in homeopathic practice for over a century. Having identified the need for scientifically developed new nosodes sourced from organisms that are currently prevalent, the preparation of Escherichia coli nosodes from different strains of the bacterium is presented in this article.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003Escherichia coli strains (E. coli ATCC 11775E, ATCC 25922, and ATCC 8739) were identified, cultured, and tested for purity, and 20 billion cells were processed following the nosode preparation method given in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, group N1. Serial dilution and potentization for liquid potency were done up to 30c potency. Nosodes were prepared by two methods: from cell-free extract (endotoxin) and from entire-cell extract.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Result\u2003Six nosodes were developed in total. Three univalent nosodes were prepared using individual endotoxins, one from each of the three E. coli strains; those three univalent nosodes were also combined as \u201cTrivalent nosode-I\u201d. \u201cTrivalent nosode-II\u201d was prepared by mixing entire cells of the three E. coli strains. A mix of both Trivalent nosode-I and Trivalent nosode-II was labeled \u201cEC-Polynosode\u201d. The safety profile of the potentized nosodes was documented by the non-detectability of traces of source material (absence of contamination, live organisms, or DNA material) through a culture test, sterility test, and molecular testing (polymerase chain reaction).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Different variants of E. coli nosodes were systematically and scientifically prepared and standardized using the cultures. Homeopathic pathogenetic trials, in-vitro efficacy studies, and clinical evaluation of E. coli nosodes (single, trivalent, or polyvalent nosodes) will be required in future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T22:58:30Z","timestamp":1596063510000},"page":"207-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preparation and Standardization of Escherichia coli Nosodes Sourced from Select E. coli Strains"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Renuka","family":"Munshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TNMC & BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gitanjali","family":"Talele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Force Foundation Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1263-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Force Foundation Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010490","article-title":"O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains associated with sporadic cases of diarrhea in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"K Irino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"first-page":"136","volume-title":"Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India. 1st ed. Vol IV","year":"1983","key":"ref4"},{"volume-title":"The Materia Medica of the Nosodes. With Provings of the X-Ray","year":"1988","author":"H C Allen","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7168.154345","article-title":"Clinical trial for evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus nosode in the treatment for human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals","volume":"9","author":"R Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Res Homoeopathy."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2013.02.002","article-title":"Hepatitis C nosode: the preparation and homeopathic pathogenetic trial","volume":"102","author":"R Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2016.02.006","article-title":"Preparation, standardization and in vitro safety testing of Mycobacterium nosodes (Emtact- polyvalent nosode)","volume":"105","author":"S Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"65","article-title":"An experimental in vitro study to evaluate the antimalarial activity of select homeopathy preparations","volume":"7","author":"S Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Med Health Res"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"28","article-title":"Preparation of cancer nosodes from specific cancer tissues","volume":"18","author":"R Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J High Dilution Res"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"544","volume-title":"The Materia Medica of the Nosodes. With Provings of the X-Ray","author":"H C Allen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Materia Medica of Nosodes with Repertory \u2013 Treatise on Dynamised Micro-immunotherapy, Part II. Materia Medica of Biotherapic Nosode","author":"O A Julian","year":"2003"},{"volume-title":"Therapeutics of Veterinary Homeopathy","year":"2004","author":"B P Madrewar","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Bacterium coli","author":"D S Riley","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2009.10.003","article-title":"Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal piglets","volume":"99","author":"I Camerlink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00078","article-title":"Emerging types of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O178 present in cattle, deer, and humans from Argentina and Germany","volume":"4","author":"A Miko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7168.183879","article-title":"Standardization of the potentizing machine and quantification of the impact of potentization","volume":"10","author":"R Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Res Homoeopathy."},{"first-page":"57","volume-title":"Indian Pharmacopoeia","year":"2010","key":"ref21"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0290-0","article-title":"Virulence factors, prevalence and potential transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from different sources: recent reports","volume":"11","author":"J Sarowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7168.141740","article-title":"Scientific method of preparing homeopathic nosodes","volume":"8","author":"R Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Res Homoeopathy"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"12","article-title":"Evaluating the anticancer effects of high-dilution preparations of carcinogens such as HIV virus, Hepatitis C virus, ethanol and cancer tissues in in-vitro models","volume":"18","author":"R Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J High Dilution Res."}],"container-title":["Homeopathy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1710044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T23:54:12Z","timestamp":1604361252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1710044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1710044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-4916","1476-4245"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1475-4916"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-4245"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]}}}