{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:22:03Z","timestamp":1791876123736,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sarcoidosis is one of the leading causes of inflammatory eye disease. Any part of the eye and its adnexal tissues can be involved. Uveitis and optic neuropathy are the main manifestations, which may require systemic treatment. Two groups of patients with sarcoid uveitis can be distinguished: one of either sex and any ethnicity in which ophthalmological findings are various and another group of elderly Caucasian women with mostly chronic posterior uveitis. Clinically isolated uveitis revealing sarcoidosis remains a strictly ocular condition in a large majority of cases. Although it can be a serious condition involving functional prognosis, early recognition in addition to a growing therapeutic arsenal (including intravitreal implant) has improved the visual prognosis of the disease in recent years. Systemic corticosteroids are indicated when uveitis does not respond to topical corticosteroids or when there is bilateral posterior involvement, especially macular edema. In up to 30% of the cases that require an unacceptable dosage of corticosteroids to maintain remission, additional immunosuppression is used, especially methotrexate. As with other forms of severe noninfectious uveitis, monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 have been used. However, only very rarely does sarcoid uveitis fail to respond to combined corticosteroids and methotrexate therapy, a situation that should suggest either poor adherence or another granulomatous disease. Optic neuropathy often affects women of African and Caribbean origins. Some authors recommend that patients should be treated with high-dose of corticosteroids and concurrent immunosuppression from the onset of this manifestation, which is associated with a poorer outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T22:35:42Z","timestamp":1597098942000},"page":"673-688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Ocular Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Pascal","family":"S\u00e8ve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, P\u00f4le IMER, Lyon, France"},{"name":"University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, HESPER EA 7425, Univ. Lyon, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"Jamilloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Tilikete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gerfaud-Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kodjikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology D and Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, H\u00f4pital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Team ImpAct, Bron, France"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"El Jammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"08","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.04.001","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and uveitis","volume":"13","author":"Y Jamilloux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.04.004","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"41","author":"B Bodaghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.01.003","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in the national veteran population: association of ocular inflammation and mortality","volume":"122","author":"A D Birnbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602382","article-title":"Ocular involvement in sarcoidosis","volume":"38","author":"F Groen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2015.08.009","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"36","author":"S Pasadhika","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.1.110","article-title":"Ocular involvement in sarcoidosis","volume":"84","author":"A Rothova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530802007382","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis: the University of Iowa experience","volume":"23","author":"J J Koczman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.12.1657","article-title":"Orbital and adnexal sarcoidosis","volume":"125","author":"V C Prabhakaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e3181571d65","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of sarcoidosis","volume":"47","author":"R A Braswell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.074","article-title":"Differences in clinical findings between Caucasians and African Americans with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis","volume":"114","author":"M Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.52","article-title":"Clinical features and diagnostic evaluation of biopsy-proven ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"129","author":"A D Birnbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.580071","article-title":"Characteristics of uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly: analysis of 91 patients in a tertiary center","volume":"19","author":"M-A Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04411-1","article-title":"Clinical and etiologic characteristics of de novo uveitis in patients aged 60 years and above: experience of a French tertiary center","volume":"257","author":"P Grumet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01282.x","article-title":"Clinical features of intraocular inflammation in Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"87","author":"H Kitamei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0158-z","article-title":"The 2009 prospective multi-center epidemiologic survey of uveitis in Japan","volume":"56","author":"N Ohguro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-006-0383-4","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of intraocular inflammation in Japan","volume":"51","author":"H Goto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S80972","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis in the mid-Atlantic United States","volume":"9","author":"A Bajwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080102","article-title":"Uveitis subtypes in a german interdisciplinary uveitis center--analysis of 1916 patients","volume":"36","author":"E Jakob","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-57","article-title":"Uveitis- a rare disease often associated with systemic diseases and infections- a systematic review of 2619 patients","volume":"7","author":"T Barisani-Asenbauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.855799","article-title":"The Manchester Uveitis Clinic: the first 3000 patients--epidemiology and casemix","volume":"23","author":"N P Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12675","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis in a Western urban multiethnic population. The challenge of globalization","volume":"93","author":"V Lloren\u00e7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","first-page":"133","article-title":"Changes in patterns of uveitis at a tertiary referral center in Northern Italy: analysis of 990 consecutive cases","volume":"38","author":"C Luca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14130","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis in a region of southern Sweden","volume":"98","author":"T Bro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102351","article-title":"Uveitis: autoimmunity\u2026 and beyond","volume":"18","author":"P-J Bertrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200107000-00005","article-title":"Chronic severe uveitis: etiology and visual outcome in 927 patients from a single center","volume":"80","author":"B Bodaghi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20839","article-title":"Association of peripheral multifocal choroiditis with sarcoidosis: a study of thirty-seven patients","volume":"51","author":"S Abad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(08)70047-9","article-title":"Uveitis with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis in Chinese--a study of 60 patients in a uveitis clinic over a period of 20 years","volume":"70","author":"Y-M Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00791.x","article-title":"Pattern of ocular manifestations in patients with sarcoidosis in developing countries","volume":"85","author":"A Khanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2009.24.3.413","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis in a Korean population","volume":"24","author":"S Y Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00153496","article-title":"Risk factors for ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"72","author":"A Rothova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S128949","article-title":"Management of chronic ocular sarcoidosis: challenges and solutions","volume":"12","author":"A Matsou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309767","article-title":"Long-term visual and systemic prognoses of 83 cases of biopsy-proven sarcoid uveitis","volume":"101","author":"C Rochepeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.09.013","article-title":"Sarcoidosis-related uveitis: clinical presentation, disease course, and rates of systemic disease progression after uveitis diagnosis","volume":"198","author":"S P Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306353","article-title":"Clinical features and diagnostic evaluation of 83 biopsy-proven sarcoid uveitis cases","volume":"99","author":"C Febvay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04415-x","article-title":"Ethnicity and association with ocular, systemic manifestations and prognosis in 194 patients with sarcoid uveitis","volume":"257","author":"C Coulon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.3.855","article-title":"Comparison of sarcoidosis phenotypes among affected African-American siblings","volume":"130","author":"M A Judson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1159\/000110204","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to respiratory diseases: infiltrative lung diseases","volume":"74","author":"M P Steele","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2106001","article-title":"Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis. A case-control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS)","volume":"164","author":"B A Rybicki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1086\/378097","article-title":"HLA-DRB1*1101: a significant risk factor for sarcoidosis in blacks and whites","volume":"73","author":"M D Rossman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00025011","article-title":"HLA-DRB1* alleles and symptoms associated with Heerfordt's syndrome in sarcoidosis","volume":"38","author":"P Darlington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq325","article-title":"Sarcoidosis HLA class II genotyping distinguishes differences of clinical phenotype across ethnic groups","volume":"19","author":"H Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7109","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10491","article-title":"Genetic characterization and susceptibility for sarcoidosis in Japanese patients: risk factors of BTNL2 gene polymorphisms and HLA class II alleles","volume":"53","author":"H Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1485","article-title":"Association between heat shock protein 70\/Hom genetic polymorphisms and uveitis in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"48","author":"P Spagnolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.019","article-title":"Association of complement factor H tyrosine 402 histidine genotype with posterior involvement in sarcoid-related uveitis","volume":"155","author":"I A Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2008.01043.x","article-title":"Mutation screening of the CARD15 gene in sarcoidosis","volume":"71","author":"M Akahoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"2673","article-title":"Lack of association between toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms and sarcoidosis-related uveitis in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Y Asukata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/185106","article-title":"Association of interleukin 23 receptor gene with sarcoidosis","volume":"31","author":"H S Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref49","first-page":"36","article-title":"Relationship between cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms and sarcoidosis among Japanese subjects","volume":"30","author":"H Kuroda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00892-4","article-title":"Uveitis in patients with sarcoidosis is not associated with mutations in NOD2 (CARD15)","volume":"136","author":"T M Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"512","article-title":"Lack of association between IL10 polymorphisms and sarcoidosis in Japanese patients","volume":"18","author":"K Sakuyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref52","first-page":"1690","article-title":"BTNL2 gene polymorphism and sarcoid uveitis","volume":"103","author":"M Chaperon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","article-title":"Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop","volume":"140","author":"D A Jabs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.025","article-title":"Hypopyon in patients with uveitis","volume":"117","author":"A A Zaidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.010","article-title":"Uveitis: diagnostic work-up. A literature review and recommendations from an expert committee","volume":"16","author":"P S\u00e8ve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2015.06.002","article-title":"Uveitis in adults: What do rheumatologists need to know?","volume":"82","author":"P S\u00e8ve","year":"2015","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0638-9","article-title":"Intermediate uveitis: pattern of etiology, complications, treatment and outcome in a tertiary academic center","volume":"12","author":"T Ness","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(02)00021-4","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and uveitis","volume":"15","author":"N P Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02483.x","article-title":"Peripheral multifocal chorioretinitis: complications, prognosis and relation with sarcoidosis","volume":"91","author":"A Koop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940902818861","article-title":"International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis: results of the first International Workshop On Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS)","volume":"17","author":"C P Herbort","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.77","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"P Stavrou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.45.7.461","article-title":"The eyes in sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"R P Crick","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200201000-00018","article-title":"Uveitis in sarcoidosis","volume":"42","author":"M Uyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15070","article-title":"Tattoo-associated uveitis with or without systemic sarcoidosis: a comparative review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"N Kluger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref65","first-page":"728","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis: What the internist should know? [in French]","volume":"39","author":"P S\u00e8ve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2003.00666.x","article-title":"Visual loss in sarcoid-related uveitis","volume":"31","author":"A Lobo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref67","first-page":"623","article-title":"Clinical course of ocular sarcoidosis in patients with histologically proven systemic sarcoidosis [in French]","volume":"24","author":"O Kirsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2016.1206576","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, complications and treatment of ocular sarcoidosis: correlation between visual efficiency and macular edema as seen on optical coherence tomography","author":"J Paovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2011.6417","article-title":"Visual outcome in ocular sarcoidosis: retrospective evaluation of risk factors","volume":"21","author":"E Miserocchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30417-X","article-title":"Prognosticators for visual outcome in sarcoid uveitis","volume":"103","author":"M R Dana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1999.221","article-title":"The ocular and systemic prognosis of patients presenting with sarcoid uveitis","volume":"13","author":"C Edelsten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30021-9","article-title":"Peripheral multifocal chorioretinitis: a distinct clinical entity?","volume":"104","author":"C W Lardenoye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.161588","article-title":"Intraocular sarcoidosis: association of clinical characteristics of uveitis with positive chest high-resolution computed tomography findings","volume":"94","author":"D S Clement","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0202585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202585","article-title":"Age-related differences in the clinical features of ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"13","author":"K Takayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.018","article-title":"Contribution of diagnostic tests for the etiological assessment of uveitis, data from the ULISSE study (Uveitis: clinical and medicoeconomic evaluation of a standardized strategy of the etiological diagnosis)","volume":"17","author":"P Grumet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.07.010","article-title":"Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme has a high negative predictive value in the investigation for systemic sarcoidosis","volume":"194","author":"R L Niederer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0194-4","article-title":"The serum angiotensin converting enzyme and lysozyme levels in patients with ocular involvement of autoimmune and infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"O Sahin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147258","article-title":"Interleukin-2 receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme as markers for ocular Sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"E Gundlach","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.4771","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels vs angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with sarcoidosis-associated uveitis","volume":"135","author":"F Groen-Hakan","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307455","article-title":"Lymphopenia as a predictor of sarcoidosis in patients with uveitis","volume":"100","author":"N P Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313212","article-title":"Lymphopaenia as a predictor of sarcoidosis in patients with a first episode of uveitis","volume":"103","author":"F Groen-Hakan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.006","article-title":"Relevance of diagnostic investigations in patients with uveitis: retrospective cohort study on 300 patients","volume":"16","author":"J Hadjadj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.99104501","article-title":"Significance of lymphocytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage in suspected ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"18","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref84","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Histologic diagnosis of sarcoidosis [in Japanese]","volume":"60","author":"M Ohmichi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090050076033","article-title":"Transbronchial lung biopsy in the diagnosis of suspected ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"111","author":"K Ohara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.105031","article-title":"Does CT scanning predict the likelihood of a positive transbronchial biopsy in sarcoidosis?","volume":"64","author":"S de Boer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref87","first-page":"671","article-title":"Conjunctival biopsy in sarcoidosis: a simple, safe, and specific diagnostic procedure","volume":"9","author":"F Khan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.8.469","article-title":"Conjunctival biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis","volume":"74","author":"R F Spaide","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70311-9","article-title":"Conjunctival biopsy in sarcoidosis","volume":"69","author":"Y-M Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4949.1180","article-title":"Conjunctival biopsy in sarcoidosis","volume":"2","author":"R Crick","year":"1955","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90242-6","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"26","author":"D G James","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300129","article-title":"Minor salivary gland biopsy in diagnosing ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"95","author":"P Blaise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-2178-2","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis: when should labial salivary gland biopsy be performed?","volume":"251","author":"C Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref94","first-page":"80","article-title":"Prevalence of granulomatous lesions in minor salivary gland biopsy in a case series of 65 patients with tuberculosis [in French]","volume":"37","author":"V Delcey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0873-2","article-title":"Validation of international criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis proposed by the first international workshop on ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"54","author":"H Takase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1063669","article-title":"Frequency of IWOS suggestive ocular Signs in Slovenian uveitis patients with confirmed pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"24","author":"A Fakin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref97","first-page":"237","article-title":"Ocular and systemic features of sarcoidosis and correlation with the International Workshop for Ocular Sarcoidosis diagnostic criteria","volume":"32","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.006","article-title":"Distinguishing features of ocular sarcoidosis in an international cohort of uveitis patients","volume":"125","author":"N R Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313356","article-title":"Revised criteria of International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS) for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"103","author":"M Mochizuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-1993-9","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of vitreous biopsy in presumed sarcoidosis-related posterior segment inflammation","volume":"250","author":"A W Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.033","article-title":"The CD4\/CD8 ratio in vitreous fluid is of high diagnostic value in sarcoidosis","volume":"119","author":"K Kojima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5531","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005531","article-title":"Vitreous lavage fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have equal diagnostic value in sarcoidosis","volume":"95","author":"K Maruyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref103","first-page":"1571","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 18F-FDG PET and 67Ga scintigraphy in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"47","author":"Y Nishiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.194514","article-title":"Intraocular sarcoidosis: association of clinical characteristics of uveitis with findings from 18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography","volume":"96","author":"A Rahmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313133","article-title":"18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is useful for the diagnosis of intraocular sarcoidosis in patients with a normal CT scan","volume":"103","author":"P Chauvelot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.03.029","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial evaluating a standardized strategy for uveitis etiologic diagnosis (ULISSE)","volume":"178","author":"A de Parisot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.5466","article-title":"Distinguishing uveitis secondary to sarcoidosis from idiopathic disease: cardiac implications","volume":"136","author":"Y S Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.06.004","article-title":"New observations and emerging ideas in diagnosis and management of non-infectious uveitis: A review","volume":"49","author":"J T Rosenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181e378af","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab compared with intravitreal and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of uveitic cystoid macular edema","volume":"31","author":"J H Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00129-4","article-title":"High concentration of dexamethasone in aqueous and vitreous after subconjunctival injection","volume":"128","author":"O Weijtens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.048","article-title":"Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema: a 3-year multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"118","author":"P A Pearson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.339","article-title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis","volume":"129","author":"C Lowder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.038","article-title":"Dexamethasone inserts in noninfectious uveitis: a single-center experience","volume":"125","author":"D Pohlmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2019.1595578","article-title":"Expert opinion on the use of biological therapy in non-infectious uveitis","volume":"19","author":"S Touhami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00659-0","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel","volume":"130","author":"D A Jabs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00076-5","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma in immunocompetent patients: guidelines from the European Association for Neuro-Oncology","volume":"16","author":"K Hoang-Xuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90011-8","article-title":"Methotrexate treatment for sarcoid-associated panuveitis","volume":"106","author":"S Dev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.8.742","article-title":"A clinical approach to the use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis","volume":"54","author":"R P Baughman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref119","first-page":"26","article-title":"Management of ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"29","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref120","first-page":"43","article-title":"Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis","volume":"21","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940902862992","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for sarcoidosis-associated uveitis","volume":"17","author":"P Bhat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S198401","article-title":"Outcomes of treatment with sirolimus for non-infectious uveitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"13","author":"V LO Cabahug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.029","article-title":"Intravitreal sirolimus for noninfectious uveitis: a phase III Sirolimus Study Assessing Double-masKed Uveitis TReAtment (SAKURA)","volume":"123","author":"Q D Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3655","article-title":"Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression","volume":"18","author":"M Linke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509852","article-title":"Adalimumab in patients with active noninfectious uveitis","volume":"375","author":"G J Jaffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31339-3","article-title":"Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Q D Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.017","article-title":"Guidance on noncorticosteroid systemic immunomodulatory therapy in noninfectious uveitis: Fundamentals Of Care for UveitiS (FOCUS) Initiative","volume":"125","author":"A D Dick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39667","article-title":"Infliximab versus adalimumab in the treatment of refractory inflammatory uveitis: a multicenter study from the french uveitis network","volume":"68","author":"H Vallet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.03.005","article-title":"Re: Dick et al.: Guidance on noncorticosteroid systemic immunomodulatory therapy in noninfectious uveitis: Fundamentals Of Care for UveitiS (FOCUS) Initiative (Ophthalmology. 2018;125:757-773)","volume":"125","author":"Y Jamilloux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.10.005","article-title":"Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in sarcoidosis: A systematic review of efficacy and safety","volume":"48","author":"B L Adler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)50471-6","article-title":"Etanercept for refractory ocular sarcoidosis: results of a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"128","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.12.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of TNF antagonists in sarcoidosis: data from the Spanish registry of biologics BIOBADASER and a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"J R Maneiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1844-0","article-title":"Adalimumab successful in sarcoidosis patients with refractory chronic non-infectious uveitis","volume":"250","author":"R J Erckens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.05.010","article-title":"Anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy in refractory uveitis associated with sarcoidosis: multicenter study of 17 patients","volume":"45","author":"L Riancho-Zarrabeitia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.03.005","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in refractory sarcoidosis: a multicenter study of 132 patients","volume":"47","author":"Y Jamilloux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of vitreoretinal lymphoma in a patient with sarcoid uveitis","author":"L Wartique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000404","article-title":"Immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies: monitoring antidrug antibodies in a clinical context","volume":"39","author":"K Bloem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.12","article-title":"Antibody response to infliximab and its impact on pharmacokinetics can be transient","volume":"108","author":"N Vande Casteele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204769","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ascending methotrexate dose in combination with adalimumab: the randomised CONCERTO trial","volume":"74","author":"G-R Burmester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.04.011","article-title":"Efficacy of adalimumab in sarcoidosis patients who developed intolerance to infliximab","volume":"115","author":"H A Crommelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.623213","article-title":"Sarcoid-related uveitis occurring during adalimumab therapy","volume":"20","author":"P Seve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep046","article-title":"Sarcoid-like granulomatosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor blockers: 10 cases","volume":"48","author":"C I Da\u00efen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604032","article-title":"Current medical therapy for sarcoidosis","volume":"38","author":"D Valeyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.762982","article-title":"Successful treatment of ocular sarcoidosis with rituximab","volume":"21","author":"E Beccastrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Rituximab for refractory granulomatous eye disease","volume":"6","author":"E E Lower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.11.004","article-title":"Update of the evidence based, interdisciplinary guideline for anti-inflammatory treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"49","author":"A Heiligenhaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e400","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13015","article-title":"Outcome of tocilizumab treatment in refractory ocular inflammatory diseases","volume":"94","author":"S Silpa-Archa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.08.019","article-title":"Primary (Month-6) outcomes of the STOP-uveitis study: evaluating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with noninfectious uveitis","volume":"183","author":"Y J Sepah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.019","article-title":"Anti-IL6-receptor tocilizumab in refractory and noninfectious uveitic cystoid macular edema: multicenter study of 25 patients","volume":"200","author":"N Vegas-Revenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805958","article-title":"Tofacitinib treatment and molecular analysis of cutaneous sarcoidosis","volume":"379","author":"W Damsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801482","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01482-2018","article-title":"Dramatic response of refractory sarcoidosis under ruxolitinib in a patient with associated JAK2-mutated polycythemia","volume":"52","author":"C Rotenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2019.02.006","article-title":"Resolution of cutaneous sarcoidosis after Janus kinase inhibitor therapy for concomitant polycythemia vera","volume":"5","author":"J J Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215387","article-title":"Refractory sarcoidosis-like systemic granulomatosis responding to ruxolitinib","volume":"78","author":"M Levraut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.12.001","article-title":"Tofacitinib for refractory uveitis and scleritis","volume":"13","author":"M A Paley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1605453","article-title":"Effect of janus kinase inhibitor treatment on anterior uveitis and associated macular edema in an adult patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"27","author":"P Bauermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802687812","article-title":"Ocular features in neurosarcoidosis","volume":"17","author":"V Menezo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(78)90184-8","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations","volume":"86","author":"C D Obenauf","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000270","article-title":"Optic neuropathy associated with systemic sarcoidosis","volume":"3","author":"D P Kidd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"99","article-title":"Neurological complications of sarcoidosis","volume":"26","author":"R C Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.7.756","article-title":"Optic neuropathy in sarcoidosis","volume":"49","author":"E M Graham","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90447-1","article-title":"Eleven cases of sarcoidosis of the optic nerve","volume":"97","author":"T L Beardsley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00470030087008","article-title":"Optic nerve manifestations of sarcoidosis","volume":"13","author":"J G Blain","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.6.597","article-title":"Sarcoid optic neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"S K Gudeman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000040488008","article-title":"Sarcoidosis involving the optic nerve head","volume":"89","author":"J S Kelley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90001-2","article-title":"Ocular involvement in chronic sarcoidosis","volume":"102","author":"D A Jabs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4065\/72.1.38","article-title":"Sarcoid masquerading as optic nerve sheath meningioma","volume":"72","author":"E B Ing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-87-3-336","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis: review of the literature, with a report of 23 cases","volume":"87","author":"P Delaney","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200309000-00002","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the anterior visual pathway: 24 new cases","volume":"23","author":"L P Frohman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S29401","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis","volume":"4","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000170","article-title":"Treatment of neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis","volume":"35","author":"L P Frohman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8444-9","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of refractory neurosarcoidosis treated with infliximab","volume":"264","author":"F Cohen Aubart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1710536.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T22:50:33Z","timestamp":1597099833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1710536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1710536","relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-3424","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}