{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:00:23Z","timestamp":1787882423109,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":163,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Introduction\u2003Aminoglycosides are formidable broad-spectrum antibiotics used in clinical settings; woefully their usage has been reduced by the emergence and distribution of resistance mainly due to aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Purpose\u2003This study was performed to determine the diverse prevalence of AME and their pattern of occurrence in the clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria. This study also aimed to detect the presence of AMEs that are prevalent in gram-positive bacteria, among gram negatives.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Materials and Methods\u2003A total number of 386 clinical isolates were included in this study. Polymerase chain reaction revealed the prevalence rate of AMEs screened [aac(6\u2032)-lb, aac(3\u2032)-I, aac(3\u2032)-II, aac(3\u2032)-VI, ant(2\u2032)-I, ant(4\u2032)-IIb, aac(3\u2032)-III, aac(3\u2032)-IV, aph(2\u2032)-Ib, aph(2\u2032)-Ic, aph(2\u2032)-Id, aac (6\u2032)-Ie- aph(2\u2032)-Ia, and aph(3\u2032)-IIIa]. Conjugation experiment was performed for the clinical isolates which harbored any one of the AME which was prevalent in gram-positive bacteria [aph(3\u2032)-IIIa, aac(6\u2032)-Ie-aph(2\u2032)-Ia].<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2003aac(6\u2032)-lb is the most prevalent AME, followed by aac(3\u2032)-I, aph(3\u2032)-VI, aac(3\u2032)-VI, and aac(3\u2032)-II. The AMEs such as ant (2\u2032)-I, ant(4\u2032)-IIb, aac(3\u2032)-III, aac(3\u2032)-IV, aph(2\u2032)-Ib, aph(2\u2032)-Ic, and aph(2\u2032)-Id were not established in our study isolates. The rate of prevalence of aph(3\u2032)-IIIa, aac(6\u2032)-Ie-aph(2\u2032)-Ia\u2014the AMEs encountered in gram-positive and their co-existence was 19.68% and the conjugation experiment revealed their transfer via plasmids.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2003This is the first report from India revealing the presence and prevalence of AMEs which are often encountered among gram-positive bacteria in gram negatives and their presence on conjugative plasmids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T22:38:00Z","timestamp":1597185480000},"page":"27-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spectrum of Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes in Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Human Infections"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kayanam Vijaya","family":"Lalitha Aishwarya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pacha","family":"Venkataramana Geetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudalai","family":"Eswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanthi","family":"Mariappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_16_231","article-title":"Emergence of rmtC and rmtF 16S rRNA methyltransferase in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"35","author":"L Mohanam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.08.003","article-title":"Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes","volume":"13","author":"M S Ramirez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.57.1.138-163.1993","article-title":"Molecular genetics of aminoglycoside resistance genes and familial relationships of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes","volume":"57","author":"K J Shaw","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.08.016","article-title":"Updated multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of 16S rRNA methylases: high prevalence among NDM-1 producers","volume":"71","author":"B Ber\u00e7ot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.430-450.2003","article-title":"Versatility of aminoglycosides and prospects for their future","volume":"16","author":"S B Vakulenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Overview of dissemination mechanisms of genes coding for resistance to antibiotics","author":"M E Tolmasky","year":"2007"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","first-page":"324","article-title":"Resistance due to aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from burns patients","volume":"122","author":"M Shahid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000239342","article-title":"Transferable amikacin resistance in gram-negative bacterial isolates","volume":"41","author":"J Kallov\u00e1","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 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