{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:35:31Z","timestamp":1790044531394,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective\u2003According to the most recent metanalysis, the best way to establish safe enteral feeding in preterm babies using nasogastric or orogastric tubes is still not well understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of bolus nasal tubes versus bolus orogastric tubes on the time required to reach full enteral feeding in preterm infants, as well as to compare the incidence rates of adverse events including nonintentional removal or displacement of the feeding tube, aspiration pneumonia\/pneumonitis, apnea, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastric residual, and growth parameters between the studied cohort of preterm infants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Study Design\u2003We conducted an unblinded pilot randomized clinical trial on hemodynamically stable preterm infants (&gt;28 weeks) recruited from level 2 neonatal intensive care unit at Mansoura University Children's Hospital from June 2015 to May 2017.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2003Our study included 98 stable preterm infants with mean gestational age (orogastric group: 33.27\u2009\u00b1\u20091.08, nasogastric group: 33.32\u2009\u00b1\u20091.57) and mean birthweight (orogastric group: 1,753.3\u2009\u00b1\u2009414.51, nasogastric group: 1,859.6\u2009\u00b1\u2009307.05). Preterm infants who were fed via bolus nasogastric tube achieved full enteral feeding in a significantly shorter duration compared with the infants fed via bolus orogastric tube. The incidence rates of aspiration and feeding tube displacement were significantly higher in the bolus orogastric tube group compared with the bolus nasogastric tube group. There was no difference in the incidence rates of apnea, necrotizing enterocolitis, bradycardia, oxygen desaturation, and gastric residual in both groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2003Preterm infants without any respiratory support receiving bolus nasogastric tube feeding achieved full enteral feeding significantly sooner than those receiving bolus orogastric tube feeding. Additionally, bolus nasogastric tube feeding had a lower incidence of aspiration, tube displacement, and the infants regained birthweight more quickly than those receiving orogastric tube feeding.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Key Points<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T22:55:48Z","timestamp":1593816948000},"page":"1526-1532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nasogastric versus Orogastric Bolus Tube Feeding in Preterm Infants: Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Tawfik","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menna","family":"Hashish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shokeir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd","family":"Shabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","first-page":"CD003952","article-title":"Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants","volume":"CD003952","author":"J Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"S109","article-title":"Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on enteral feeding of the preterm infant","volume":"53","author":"N K\u00fclt\u00fcrsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk Pediatri Ars"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010423","article-title":"Guidelines for feeding very low birth weight infants","volume":"7","author":"S Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/01460869609026862","article-title":"A survey of gastric tube practices in level II and level III nurseries","volume":"19","author":"S Y Shiao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0b013e3181aa9c65","article-title":"Nonoral feeding practices for infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"9","author":"R Birnbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0b013e3182425aab","article-title":"Enteral feeding practices in the NICU: results from a 2009 Neonatal Enteral Feeding Survey","volume":"12","author":"K E Gregory","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950080408","article-title":"Neonatal gastric intubation: differential respiratory effects between nasogastric and orogastric tubes","volume":"8","author":"J S Greenspan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.1.17","article-title":"Effect of nasogastric tubes on nasal resistance during infancy","volume":"55","author":"J Stocks","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.51.8.602","article-title":"Response in the newborn to raised upper airway resistance","volume":"51","author":"M Purcell","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.63.2.261","article-title":"The pharyngeal effect of partial nasal obstruction","volume":"63","author":"S L Tonkin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","first-page":"CD003952","article-title":"Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants","author":"J Hawes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00005721-199809000-00004","article-title":"Prevalence of feeding tube placement errors & associated risk factors in children","volume":"23","author":"M LC Ellett","year":"1998","journal-title":"MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(94)01605-O","article-title":"Vagal response to feeding tube insertion in preterm infants: has the key been found?","volume":"41","author":"E Q Haxhija","year":"1995","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(92)90199-A","article-title":"Grooved palate associated with prolonged use of orogastric feeding tubes in premature infants","volume":"50","author":"R Arens","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000279617","article-title":"Oral versus nasal route for placing feeding tubes: no effect on hypoxemia and bradycardia in infants with apnea of prematurity","volume":"98","author":"B Bohnhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.03.003","article-title":"Continuous feeding promotes gastrointestinal tolerance and growth in very low birth weight infants","volume":"147","author":"A Dsilna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.74.3.379","article-title":"An investigation into the benefits of resiting nasoenteric feeding tubes","volume":"74","author":"V van Someren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children Book","author":"Kendig & Chernick's","year":"2012","edition":"8th Edition."},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2017.17.1.1","article-title":"Pneumonitis and pneumonia after aspiration","volume":"17","author":"Y G Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dent Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005408","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"364","author":"J Neu","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2014.02.008","article-title":"Gastric residual evaluation in preterm neonates: a useful monitoring technique or a hindrance?","volume":"55","author":"Y F Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1466","article-title":"Time to full enteral feeding for very low-birth-weight infants varies markedly among hospitals worldwide but may not be associated with incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis: The NEOMUNE-NeoNutriNet Cohort Study","volume":"43","author":"M de Waard","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/2321-7006.302231","article-title":"Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants","volume":"3","author":"N Kamalakar Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"MRIMS J Health Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718080","article-title":"Feeding tolerance in preterm infants: randomized trial of bolus and continuous feeding","volume":"19","author":"S Dollberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.1150","article-title":"Feeding strategies for premature infants: beneficial outcomes of feeding fortified human milk versus preterm formula","volume":"103","author":"R J Schanler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.4.e4","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of feeding methods in very low birth weight infants","volume":"100","author":"S M Akintorin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70324-4","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing continuous versus intermittent feeding methods in very low birth weight neonates","volume":"128","author":"M AA Silvestre","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref28","first-page":"CD001819","article-title":"Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams","volume":"2011","author":"S S Premji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91795-5","article-title":"An intra-oral appliance to stabilise orogastric tube in premature infants","volume":"1","author":"P GHH Sullivan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02483.x","article-title":"Indwelling versus intermittent feeding tubes in premature neonates","volume":"24","author":"A Symington","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713865.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T01:37:41Z","timestamp":1667266661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1713865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713865","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]}}}