{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:44:03Z","timestamp":1772714643742,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Federa\u00e7\u00e3o das Associa\u00e7\u00f5es de Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia","issue":"09","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003The present comprehensive review aims to show the full extent of what is known to date and provide a more thorough view on the effects of SARS-CoV2 in pregnancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Between March 29 and May, 2020, the words COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, COVID-19 and pregnancy, SARS-CoV2 and pregnancy, and SARS and pregnancy were searched in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases; the guidelines from well-known societies and institutions (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists [RCOG], American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology [ISUOG], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]) were also included.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in a pandemic with\u2009&gt;\u20093.3 million cases and 230 thousand deaths until May 2nd. It is caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus and may lead to severe pulmonary infection and multi-organ failure. Past experiences show that unique characteristics in pregnancy make pregnant women more susceptible to complications from viral infections. Yet, this has not been reported with this new virus. There are risk factors that seem to increase morbidity in pregnancy, such as obesity (body mass index [BMI]\u2009&gt;\u200935), asthma and cardiovascular disease. Current reports describe an increased rate of preterm birth and C-section. Vertical transmission is still a possibility, due to a few reported cases of neonatal positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in nasal swab, amniotic fluid, and positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) in neonatal blood. Treatments must be weighed in with caution due to the lack of quality trials that prove their effectiveness and safety during pregnancy. Medical staff must use personal protective equipment in handling SARS-CoV2 suspected or positive patients and be alert for respiratory decompensations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T22:48:38Z","timestamp":1601419718000},"page":"562-568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 and Pregnancy: A Review of the Facts"],"prefix":"10.61622","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3535-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Mamber","family":"Czeresnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0041-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayssa Teles Abrao","family":"Trad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Schwach Werneck","family":"Britto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romulo","family":"Negrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2664-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Lu\u00eds","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1970-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabricio da Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6471-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roseli Mieko Yamamoto","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3642-5858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ruano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"47794","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040428","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of evolution and human infection with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"J He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103122","article-title":"Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint","volume":"139","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"J Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"36","article-title":"On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2","author":"X Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001","article-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"X Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2","article-title":"Coronavirus pathogenesis","volume":"81","author":"S R Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100107","article-title":"Outcome of Coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1 -19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"D Di Mascio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.004","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know","volume":"94","author":"D Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692 [ahead of print]","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients","volume":"130","author":"L A Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13867","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies","volume":"99","author":"M Zaigham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"689","key":"ref15","first-page":"699","article-title":"[Covid-19 diagnosis : clinical recommendations and performance of nasopharyngeal swab-PCR]","volume":"16","author":"I Kokkinakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Med Suisse"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3","article-title":"Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1\u201330, 2020","volume":"69","author":"S Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.64","article-title":"The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"G Mor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/s0146-0005(97)80069-9","article-title":"Cardio-respiratory physiological adaptation of pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"M P O'Day","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3181e04776","article-title":"Pulmonary physiology in pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"R A Bobrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12680","article-title":"Influenza virus infection in pregnancy: a review","volume":"94","author":"W J Meijer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.10.412","article-title":"547: Pneumonia during pregnancy: radiological characteristics, predisposing factors, and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"201","author":"L Raichel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2712-2","article-title":"The predictors of 3- and 30-day mortality in 660 MERS-CoV patients","volume":"17","author":"A E Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.04.005","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"S H Alfaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020194","article-title":"Potential maternal and infant outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV infecting pregnant women: lessons from SARS, MERS, and other human Coronavirus infections","volume":"12","author":"D A Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.019","article-title":"Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"191","author":"S F Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30360-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"H Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100118","article-title":"COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals","volume":"2","author":"N Breslin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72\u2009314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention","volume":"323","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4868","article-title":"Can SARS-CoV-2 infection be acquired in utero?: More definitive evidence is needed","volume":"323","author":"D W Kimberlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7233","article-title":"Second-trimester miscarriage in a pregnant woman with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"323","author":"D Baud","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13182","article-title":"A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth","volume":"150","author":"F Elshafeey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.009","article-title":"Epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"41","author":"S E Purisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5713","article-title":"Preterm delivery in pregnant woman with critical COVID-19 pneumonia and vertical transmission","author":"M Zamaniyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13862","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnancy with comorbidities: More liberal testing strategy is needed","volume":"99","author":"S Gidl\u00f6f","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14856","article-title":"COVID-19 and acute coagulopathy in pregnancy","volume":"\u2022\u2022\u2022","author":"E V Koumoutsea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists","year":"2020"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13156","article-title":"Global interim guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during pregnancy and puerperium from FIGO and allied partners: Information for healthcare professionals","volume":"149","author":"L C Poon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22013","article-title":"ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals","volume":"55","author":"L C Poon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"444","article-title":"Importance of inclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding women in COVID-19 therapeutic trials","author":"S M LaCourse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00444-x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics during pregnancy: evidence-based maternal dose formulation","volume":"93","author":"B B Little","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762","article-title":"Of chloroquine and COVID-19","volume":"177","author":"F Touret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"105949","author":"P Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03111.x","article-title":"Transfer of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine across the placenta and into milk in Melanesian mothers","volume":"65","author":"I Law","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6805a1","article-title":"Malaria Surveillance - United States, 2016","volume":"68","author":"K E Mace","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"J Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9","article-title":"Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"395","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"S Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab","volume":"117","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.05.004","article-title":"Tocilizumab use in pregnancy: Analysis of a global safety database including data from clinical trials and post-marketing data","volume":"46","author":"M Hoeltzenbein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez100","article-title":"Tocilizumab during pregnancy and lactation: drug levels in maternal serum, cord blood, breast milk and infant serum","volume":"58","author":"J Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102066","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature","volume":"52","author":"R P Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022","article-title":"Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"249","author":"G A Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia \/ RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journalrbgo.org\/article\/sars-cov-2-and-pregnancy-a-review-of-the-facts\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1715137.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T20:53:48Z","timestamp":1721336028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalrbgo.org\/article\/sars-cov-2-and-pregnancy-a-review-of-the-facts\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"09","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1715137","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0100-7203","1806-9339"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0100-7203","type":"print"},{"value":"1806-9339","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}}}