{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:28:13Z","timestamp":1765369693238,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives\u2003The aim of the study is to review the articles published in the last 10 years on Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) in childhood and adolescence to learn about its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and its therapeutic management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Based on the literature search in the major medical databases and using the descriptors \u201cTolosa-Hunt syndrome and children\u201d and \u201cTolosa-Hunt syndrome and adolescent\u201d we included articles published between 2009 and 2019. We found 51 articles, but only 11 met the inclusion criteria.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003There were eight women and four men with THS, whose average age was 12.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3 years, ranging from 4 to 17 years. Magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammation in the cavernous sinus (100%), orbit (25%), and superior orbital fissure (8.3%), unilateral in all patients. The internal carotid artery (58.3%), third (66.7%), sixth (33.3%), and fourth (25%) cranial nerves were injured. Headache was located in the orbital region, ipsilaterally to nerve involvement and had mild to severe intensity. Corticosteroid was the treatment used in 91.7% of the patients. They were followed for an average of 13.4\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4 months. Only two patients had recurrence of the disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003THS is infrequent in childhood and adolescence and knowledge of its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and its therapeutic management is necessary for pediatricians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T22:30:56Z","timestamp":1599431456000},"page":"001-005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in Childhood and Adolescence: A Literature Review in the Last 10 Years"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Pinheiro","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Federal University of Delta of Parna\u00edba, F\u00e1tima, Parna\u00edba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2343-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo Pereira","family":"Silva-N\u00e9to","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Federal University of Delta of Parna\u00edba, F\u00e1tima, Parna\u00edba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412475238","article-title":"A comparison of benign and inflammatory manifestations of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome","volume":"33","author":"C H Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417745271","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: appraising the ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria","volume":"38","author":"E Mullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.02.017","article-title":"Cavernous sinus syndrome: a prospective study of 73 cases at a tertiary care centre in Northern India","volume":"155","author":"S Bhatkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2012.10.005","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome [in Spanish]","volume":"213","author":"S MG Serralta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2009.01856.x","article-title":"The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in children: a case report","volume":"29","author":"C Zanus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03687.x","article-title":"Paediatric Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: the need for treatment guidelines and renewed criteria","volume":"52","author":"K Pienczk-Reclawowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","first-page":"290","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in children","volume":"94","author":"D E Benzohra","year":"2011","journal-title":"JBR-BTR"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.08.018","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome preceded by facial palsy in a child","volume":"44","author":"A Cerisola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2011.559513","article-title":"An unusual case of pediatric painless ophthalmoplegia","volume":"26","author":"K S Cornish","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2011.01.010","article-title":"Unusual clinical course in pediatric Tolosa-Hunt syndrome","volume":"44","author":"C H Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.04.023","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome masquerading as Gradenigo syndrome in a teenager","volume":"77","author":"E Slattery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4038\/sljch.v43i4.7775","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome","volume":"43","author":"B Maji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Child Heal"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.06.017","article-title":"Evaluation and management of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in children: a clinical update","volume":"62","author":"C A P\u00e9rez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"2324709619838309","article-title":"17-year-old girl with unilateral headache and double vision","volume":"7","author":"L G Rodriguez-Homs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.013","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: clinical manifestations in children","volume":"99","author":"M Tsirigotaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01115.x","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: critical literature review based on IHS 2004 criteria","volume":"26","author":"L La Mantia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 3rd ed. Cephalalgia","volume":"38","author":"Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.05.036","article-title":"Painful ophthalmoplegia: the role of imaging and steroid response in the acute and subacute setting","volume":"331","author":"E Anagnostou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.17.4.300","article-title":"Periarteritic lesions of the carotid siphon with the clinical features of a carotid infraclinoidal aneurysm","volume":"17","author":"E Tolosa","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.11.1.56","article-title":"Painful opthalmoplegia. Its relation to indolent inflammation of the carvernous sinus","volume":"11","author":"W E Hunt","year":"1961","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01569.x","article-title":"ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and\/or the cavernous sinus","volume":"28","author":"S Colnaghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00414.x","article-title":"Paediatric Tolosa-Hunt syndrome","volume":"40","author":"M C Yeung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61442-7","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome\u2014a rare cause of headache and ophthalmoplegia","volume":"382","author":"J Zurawski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00924.x","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome extending in the cerebello-pontine angle","volume":"25","author":"G Iaconetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000400017","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: analysis of six cases","volume":"63","author":"P H Monzillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"}],"container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1715632.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:55:43Z","timestamp":1611795343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1715632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1715632","relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-304X","1439-1899"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0174-304X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-1899"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]]}}}