{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:02:53Z","timestamp":1784070173521,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objective\u2003The serological testing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is mandatory under the blood safety legislation of Pakistan; hence, data exist on the prevalence of HIV in blood donors. However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of HIV in the blood donor population. Therefore, the current study was designed to study the genetic diversity of HIV-1 infection in a population of apparently healthy treatment-naive blood donors in Islamabad, Pakistan.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Material and Methods\u2003A total of 85,736 blood donors were tested for HIV by the chemiluminescence immunoassay. All positive donor samples were analyzed for the presence of various HIV genotypes (types and subtypes). Viral ribonucleic acid was extracted from blood samples of HIV positive donors and reverse transcribed into complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA). The cDNA of all positive donors was then analyzed for the presence of various HIV genotypes (types and subtypes) by employing subtype-specific primers in a nested polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products were run on ethidium bromide-stained 2% agarose gel and visualized using a ultraviolet transilluminator. A particular subtype was assigned to a sample if the subtype-specific reaction made a band 20% highly intense compared with the band made by the subtype-independent reaction.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2003A total of 85,736 blood donors were screened for the presence of antibodies to HIV. Out of them, 114 were initially found reactive for HIV. The repeat testing resulted in 112 (0.13%) positive donors, 95% confidence interval 0.0014 (0.0011\u20130.0018). These 112 samples were analyzed for molecular typing of HIV-1. The predominant HIV-1 subtype was A (n = 101) (90.1%) followed by subtype B (n = 11) (9.9%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2003These findings are key to understand the diversified HIV epidemic at the molecular level and should assist public health workers in implementing measures to lessen the further dissemination of these viruses in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T23:19:54Z","timestamp":1599088794000},"page":"092-097","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Asymptomatic Blood Donors in Islamabad, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Usman","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan"},{"name":"Islamabad Blood Transfusion Authority, Ministry of National Health Services, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farooq Ahmed","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Divisional Headquarters Teaching Hospital, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noore","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Peshawar Regional Blood Centre, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhlaaq","family":"Wazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Divisional Headquarters Teaching Hospital, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahida","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Divisional Headquarters Teaching Hospital, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saira","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javaid","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan Abbas","family":"Zaheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan"},{"name":"Safe Blood Transfusion Programme, Ministry of National Health Services, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000344","article-title":"Future technologies for monitoring HIV drug resistance and cure","volume":"12","author":"U M Parikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0603-8","article-title":"Opportunistic neurologic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"16","author":"F Albarillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256739","article-title":"HIV epidemiology. 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