{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:26:20Z","timestamp":1792085180704,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ruralneuropractice.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JNRP"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\u2003Adult primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke that is poorly understood. The study attempts to define the clinical profile, yield of diagnostic cerebral angiography, and prognosis of patients with PIVH.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Patients and Methods<\/jats:bold>\u2003Retrospective data analysis of all patients with PIVH admitted between February 2015 and February 2019 at a tertiary care center. Outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 6 months.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results and Discussion<\/jats:bold>\u2003Our study group of 30 patients constituted 3.3% (30\/905) of our spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) patients in the study period. The mean Glasgow Coma Score on admission was 11 \u00b1 3.33 and the mean IVH Graeb score was 5.2\u00b12.4. All patients underwent angiography. Angiography detected moyamoya disease in four patients (13.3%) and aneurysms in two patients (6.6%) and these patients were managed surgically. Extraventricular drainage with intraventricular instillation of Streptokinase was performed in five patients. The rest of the patients was managed conservatively. At 6-month follow-up, 25 patients (83.33%) achieved favorable outcome (mRS score of 0.1 or 2), whereas five (16.66%) patients had a poor outcome (mRS score of 3 or more. Three patients succumbed to the illness. IVH Graeb score and presence of hydrocephalus have significant correlation with poor outcome.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\u2003PIVH is an uncommon entity but carries a better long-term prognosis than SICH angiography helps in diagnosing surgically remediable underlying vascular anomalies and is indicated in all cases of PIVH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T23:30:09Z","timestamp":1601076609000},"page":"623-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Adult Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aswin","family":"Pai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"42","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5089","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005089","article-title":"A retrospective clinical study of 98 adult idiopathic primary intraventricular hemorrhage cases","volume":"95","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/WNQ.0b013e318227967b","article-title":"Adult intraventricular hemorrhage: presentations, management, and analysis of outcome","volume":"22","author":"El-Saadany","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.1o118.x","article-title":"Primary intraventricular haemorrhage in adults","volume":"105","author":"Passero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)00261-8","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: clinical features, risk factors, and outcome","volume":"44","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8367-x","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: etiological causes and prognostic factors in Chinese population","volume":"264","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.17.5.872","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults","volume":"17","author":"Gates","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050348","article-title":"Spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical data, etiology and outcome","volume":"246","author":"Mart\u00ed-F\u00e0bregas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-8","first-page":"338","article-title":"Spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: clinical data, etiology and outcome","volume":"19","author":"Giray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498303","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/498303","article-title":"Spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical features and early outcome","volume":"2012","author":"Arboix","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.132333","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical features, risk factors, etiology, and yield of diagnostic cerebral angiography","volume":"62","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.17.6.1078","article-title":"Hypertension as a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"17","author":"Brott","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.4.0482","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm. Retrospective analysis of 91 cases","volume":"58","author":"Mohr","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"962","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/25797982","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula causing primary intraventricular haemorrhage","volume":"81","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.670653","article-title":"CLEAR and VISTA Investigators. The Modified Graeb Score: an enhanced tool for intraventricular hemorrhage measurement and prediction of functional outcome","volume":"44","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.6977795","article-title":"Computed tomographic diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage. Etiology and prognosis","volume":"143","author":"Graeb","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.899309","article-title":"Factors associated with clinical outcomes in patients with primary intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-17","first-page":"315","article-title":"Prognostic indicators in patients with primary intraventricular haemorrhage","volume":"55","author":"Hameed","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-18","first-page":"143","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults","volume":"8","author":"Little","year":"1977","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9070-2","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: yield of diagnostic angiography and clinical outcome","volume":"8","author":"Flint","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.1.68","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical and neuropsychological findings in a prospective stroke series","volume":"38","author":"Darby","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03833.x","article-title":"Prognosis in solitary intraventricular haemorrhage. Clinical and computed tomographic observations","volume":"80","author":"Jayakumar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197807000-00004","article-title":"CT scan in intraventricular hemorrhage: correlation of clinical findings with computerized tomographic scans of the brain","volume":"3","author":"McCallum","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_419_17","article-title":"Modifying the intracerebral hemorrhage score to suit the needs of the developing world","volume":"21","author":"Hegde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.114","article-title":"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical characteristics and outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.7.1406","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: which patients need diagnostic cerebral angiography? A prospective study of 206 cases and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.PEDS14364","article-title":"Outcomes of intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort of very preterm infants born to residents of Nova Scotia from 1993 to 2010","volume":"15","author":"Radic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182377e12","article-title":"Warfarin-related intraventricular hemorrhage: imaging and outcome","volume":"77","author":"Biffi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02849864","article-title":"Is external ventricular drainage useful in primary intraventricular hemorrhages?","volume":"22","author":"Kiymaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.8.1573","article-title":"A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"29","author":"Coplin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199306000-00010","article-title":"Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"32","author":"Findlay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.1.0081","article-title":"Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase","volume":"74","author":"Todo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-32","first-page":"CD003692","article-title":"Fibrinolytic therapy for intraventricular hemorrhage in adults","author":"Lapointe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-09469-3_41","article-title":"Preliminary report of the clot lysis evaluating accelerated resolution of intraventricular hemorrhage (CLEAR-IVH) clinical trial","volume":"105","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00618255","article-title":"Spontaneous intraventricular haemorrhage","volume":"234","author":"Verma","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716770\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2014.56.3.278","article-title":"Prognostic Factors of Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/adult-primary-intraventricular-hemorrhage-clinical-characteristics-and-outcomes\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/adult-primary-intraventricular-hemorrhage-clinical-characteristics-and-outcomes\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T10:57:11Z","timestamp":1696762631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/adult-primary-intraventricular-hemorrhage-clinical-characteristics-and-outcomes\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1055\/s-0040-1716770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1716770","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-3147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-3147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"article-number":"623"}}