{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:34:36Z","timestamp":1790800476485,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Hear"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>School classrooms are noisy and reverberant environments, and the poor acoustics can be a barrier to successful learning in children, particularly those with multiple disabilities, auditory processing issues, and hearing loss. A new set of listening challenges have been imposed by the recent global pandemic and subsequent online learning requirements. The goal of this article is to review the impact of poor acoustics on the performance of children with auditory processing issues, mild hearing loss, and unilateral hearing loss. In addition, we will summarize the evidence in support of remote microphone technology by these populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T23:35:10Z","timestamp":1608161710000},"page":"277-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Remote Microphone Technology for Children with Hearing Loss or Auditory Processing Issues"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Erin C.","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools, Part 1: Permanent Schools (No. ANSI S12.60\u20132010)","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"2010"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2002\/009)","article-title":"Background noise levels and reverberation times in unoccupied classrooms: predictions and measurements","volume":"11","author":"H A Knecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"16","article-title":"Background noise levels and reverberation times in old and new elementary school classrooms","volume":"14","author":"E L Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Educ Audiol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"23","article-title":"An exploration of non- quiet listening at school","volume":"17","author":"J Cruckley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Educ Audiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(1998\/012)","article-title":"Average speech levels and spectra in various speaking\/listening conditions: a summary of the Pearson, Bennett, & Fidell (1977) report","volume":"7","author":"W O Olsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181d3d514","article-title":"Combined effects of noise and reverberation on speech recognition performance of normal-hearing children and adults","volume":"31","author":"A C Neuman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3662059","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the effects of the acoustical conditions in a simulated classroom on speech recognition and learning in children","volume":"131","author":"D L Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00056-7","article-title":"Deciphering auditory processing disorders in children","volume":"35","author":"G D Chermak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802687516","article-title":"Multiple benefits of personal FM system use by children with auditory processing disorder (APD)","volume":"48","author":"K N Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2011.553204","article-title":"Speech perception in noise: exploring the effect of linguistic context in children with and without auditory processing disorder","volume":"50","author":"J Lagac\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2874-6","article-title":"Relationship between executive functioning and symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in 6\u20138 year old children","volume":"46","author":"R J Neely","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00303.x","article-title":"Speech-in-noise perception in high-functioning individuals with autism or Asperger's syndrome","volume":"45","author":"J I Alc\u00e1ntara","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040500350938","article-title":"Autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: assessing attention and response control with the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test","volume":"12","author":"B A Corbett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200205","article-title":"Central auditory processing ability in children with ADHD with and without learning disabilities","volume":"32","author":"R Gomez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.09.041","article-title":"The use of listening devices to ameliorate auditory deficit in children with autism","volume":"164","author":"G Rance","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2012.09.002","article-title":"Personal FM systems for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and\/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an initial investigation","volume":"46","author":"E C Schafer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383504","article-title":"Use of wireless technology for children with auditory processing disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and language disorders","volume":"35","author":"E C Schafer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Hear"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.2.190","article-title":"Sensory processing in children with and without autism: a comparative study using the short sensory profile","volume":"61","author":"S D Tomchek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"7","article-title":"The use of FM systems for children with attention deficit disorder","volume":"13","author":"C D Updike","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Educ Audiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2016.08.003","article-title":"Assistive technology evaluations: Remote-microphone technology for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"64","author":"E C Schafer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201000743","article-title":"Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder","volume":"43","author":"S D Mangeot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.62.5.564","article-title":"Sensory processing and classroom emotional, behavioral, and educational outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"62","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn104","article-title":"Speech perception ability in individuals with Friedreich ataxia","volume":"131","author":"G Rance","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812448963","article-title":"Auditory processing deficits in children with Friedreich ataxia","volume":"27","author":"G Rance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/007)","article-title":"Speaking clearly for children with learning disabilities: sentence perception in noise","volume":"46","author":"A R Bradlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12558","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12558","article-title":"Peripheral and central contribution to the difficulty of speech in noise perception in dyslexic children","volume":"21","author":"A Calcus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.04.014","article-title":"Speech recognition in noise by children with and without dyslexia: How is it related to reading?","volume":"77","author":"S Nittrouer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.09.005","article-title":"Do prereaders' auditory processing and speech perception predict later literacy?","volume":"70","author":"S Vanvooren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00817.x","article-title":"Speech-perception-in-noise deficits in dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"J C Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3114-4","article-title":"Reducing listening-related stress in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"47","author":"G Rance","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18062","article-title":"Effects of auditory training and remote microphone technology on the behavioral performance of children and young adults who have autism spectrum disorder","volume":"30","author":"E C Schafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Verification and validation of remote-microphone technology on children and college-age adults who have autism spectrum disorder","volume":"24","author":"E C Schafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Educ Ped Rehab Audiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16074","article-title":"Impact of personal frequency modulation systems on behavioral and cortical auditory evoked potential measures of auditory processing and classroom listening in school-aged children with auditory processing disorder","volume":"29","author":"J L Smart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.670272","article-title":"A randomized control trial of interventions in school-aged children with auditory processing disorders","volume":"51","author":"M Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.013","article-title":"Successful treatment of auditory perceptual disorder in individuals with Friedreich ataxia","volume":"171","author":"G Rance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206628109","article-title":"Assistive listening devices drive neuroplasticity in children with dyslexia","volume":"109","author":"J Hornickel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020903140910","article-title":"Do children with reading delay benefit from the use of personal FM systems in the classroom?","volume":"48","author":"S C Purdy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref39","first-page":"96","article-title":"Effects of auditory training on electrophysiological measures in individuals with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"31","author":"K V Gopal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.25.6.3","article-title":"Fitting and verification of frequency modulation systems on children with normal hearing","volume":"25","author":"E C Schafer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4903.278","article-title":"Signal-to-noise ratio advantage of binaural hearing aids and directional microphones under different levels of reverberation","volume":"49","author":"D B Hawkins","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJA-15-0060","article-title":"Minimal hearing loss: from a failure-based approach to evidence-based practice","volume":"25","author":"A M Winiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5101.53","article-title":"Effects of mild and moderate hearing impairments on language, educational, and psychosocial behavior of children","volume":"51","author":"J M Davis","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4602.123","article-title":"Characteristics of hearing-impaired children in the public schools: part I--demographic data","volume":"46","author":"N T Shepard","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000208","article-title":"Trends and predictors of longitudinal hearing aid use for children who are hard of hearing","volume":"36","author":"E A Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.74.2.206","article-title":"Unilateral hearing impairment in children","volume":"74","author":"F H Bess","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198602000-00004","article-title":"Case history data on unilaterally hearing-impaired children","volume":"7","author":"F H Bess","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198602000-00003","article-title":"An introduction to unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children","volume":"7","author":"F H Bess","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23454","article-title":"Longitudinal study of children with unilateral hearing loss","volume":"122","author":"J E Lieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199810000-00001","article-title":"Children with minimal sensorineural hearing loss: prevalence, educational performance, and functional status","volume":"19","author":"F H Bess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2013\/13-0013)","article-title":"Developmental outcomes in early school-age children with minimal hearing loss","volume":"22","author":"H Porter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713807312172","article-title":"Early intervention for children with unilateral and mild bilateral degrees of hearing loss","volume":"12","author":"W J Holstrum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Amplif"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00025572-199905000-00002","article-title":"School-aged children with minimal sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"52","author":"F H Bess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hear J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.0702.106","article-title":"Room acoustics: The forgotten variable?","volume":"7","author":"M A Crum","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199306000-00008","article-title":"Speech recognition in noise by children with minimal degrees of sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"14","author":"C C Crandell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198602000-00005","article-title":"Auditory performance of children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"7","author":"F H Bess","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2004\/017)","article-title":"Speech perception benefits of FM and infrared devices to children with hearing aids in a typical classroom","volume":"35","author":"K L Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199008000-00003","article-title":"Speech recognition ability of children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss as a function of amplification, speech stimuli and listening condition","volume":"11","author":"O T Kenworthy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","first-page":"204","article-title":"Comparison of FM auditory trainers, CROS aids, and personal amplification in unilaterally hearing impaired children","volume":"5","author":"C D Updike","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"191","volume-title":"FM Systems for Children with Minimal to Mild Hearing Loss","author":"A M Tharpe","year":"2003"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-H-17-0168","article-title":"Remote microphone system use at home: impact on caregiver talk","volume":"61","author":"C R Ben\u00edtez-Barrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1718713.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T22:04:29Z","timestamp":1670277869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1718713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1718713","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-0451","1098-8955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0734-0451","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}}}