{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:50:08Z","timestamp":1780465808881,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02\/03","funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HD084478 to J.W.J."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD084478 to J.W.J."]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32HD087166 to R.M.M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD087166 to R.M.M"]}]},{"name":"MSU AgBio Research, and Michigan State University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Reprod Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adenomyosis is a nonmalignant uterine disorder in which endometrial tissue exists within and grows into the myometrium. Animal models have generated limited insight into the still-unclear pathogenesis of adenomyosis, provided a platform for preclinical screening of many drugs and compounds with potential as therapeutics, and elucidated mechanisms underlying the pain and fertility issues that occur in many women with the disease. Spontaneous adenomyosis has been studied in nonhuman primates, primarily in the form of case reports. Adenomyosis is routinely experimentally induced in mice through methods such as neonatal tamoxifen exposure, pituitary engraftment, and human tissue xenotransplantation. Several studies have also reported hormonal or environmental toxicant exposures that give rise to murine adenomyosis, and genetically engineered models have been created that recapitulate the human-like condition, most notably involving alteration of \u03b2-catenin expression. This review describes the animal models for adenomyosis and their contributions to our understanding of the factors underpinning the development of symptoms. Animal models represent a unique opportunity for understanding the molecular basis of adenomyosis and developing efficacious treatment options for affected women. Herein, we assess their different potentials and limitations with regard to identification of new therapeutic interventions and reflect on future directions for research and drug validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T23:53:16Z","timestamp":1603756396000},"page":"168-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Animal Models of Adenomyosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Marquardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Wook","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asgerally T.","family":"Fazleabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117691141","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of the endometrium in uterine adenomyosis and its biochemical microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"C F Yen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/79176","article-title":"Current facts constituting an understanding of the nature of adenomyosis","volume":"28","author":"V Aleksandrovych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-006-0299-8","article-title":"Therapeutic options for adenomyosis: a review","volume":"276","author":"M Levgur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2012.2184","article-title":"Pathogenesis and malignant transformation of adenomyosis","volume":"29","author":"N Koike","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.11.007","article-title":"Adenomyotic glands are highly related to endometrial glands","volume":"40","author":"V Maier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.09.780","article-title":"The association of sonographic evidence of adenomyosis with severe endometriosis and gene expression in eutopic endometrium","volume":"26","author":"U P Dior","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gal076","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human adenomyosis","volume":"12","author":"A Hever","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13012-5_7","volume-title":"The animal model of adenomyosis. 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