{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:46:56Z","timestamp":1782301616675,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Reconstr Microsurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Preserving the nipple areolar complex (NAC) increases satisfaction in breast reconstruction. This study aims to describe outcomes using free NAC grafts in microvascular breast reconstruction.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A case\u2013control study evaluated prospective outcomes of microvascular breast reconstruction with free NAC grafts compared with matched controls with tattoo or local flap nipple reconstruction. Eligible patients for NAC grafting required correction of ptosis or nipple malposition. Postoperative photographs were rated for complications and aesthetics by the four study authors and two additional unbiased board-certified plastic surgeons. Satisfaction was measured with the BREAST-Q.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Twenty patients who underwent 35 autologous breast reconstructions were analyzed. Nipple areolar reconstruction with grafts was completed with 13 NACs in 7 patients. The majority of free NAC grafts (11\/13, 85%) were completed in immediate reconstruction, and 15% (2\/13) were completed in delayed reconstruction. Partial graft hypopigmentation (mean 18.0%, standard deviation [SD] 7.5) was noted in all grafts. Less than half of grafts had areas of depigmentation (6\/13, mean 6.1%, SD 7.5). Minor areas of partial loss occurred in 6\/13 grafts (mean 2.9%, SD 4.6). Nipple projection was maintained in 54% of nipples (7\/13). Depigmentation, hypopigmentation, graft loss, and projection were not statistically correlated with NAC aesthetic or overall aesthetic rating. However, NAC size (p\u2009=\u20090.003), position (p\u2009=\u20090.022), and symmetry (p\u2009=\u20090.028) were all correlated with aesthetic outcomes. Outcomes and satisfaction were similar to those seen with local flap reconstruction, although partial loss was less common in NAC grafts.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Nipple reconstruction can successfully be performed in microvascular breast reconstruction using free grafts. Although partial graft hypopigmentation is common, smaller areas of graft loss or depigmentation are anticipated and do not affect aesthetic outcomes. The use of free NAC grafts may allow additional patients to use their own nipples as part of their microvascular reconstruction and avoid secondary NAC reconstruction procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T23:34:36Z","timestamp":1604187276000},"page":"458-464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Outcomes of Free Nipple Areolar Grafting in Autologous Breast Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie G.","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Holding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Butterworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200208000-00013","article-title":"Nipple-areola reconstruction: satisfaction and clinical determinants","volume":"110","author":"M A Jabor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr 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