{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T02:19:16Z","timestamp":1722737956109},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, occur secondary to a neurological or systemic precipitant, commonly presenting as a first-time seizure. In this article, we will discuss etiology, emergent protocols, medical work-up, initial treatment, and management of these seizures. The definitions, classifications, and management of convulsive status epilepticus and nonconvulsive status epilepticus in an acute setting will also be reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:14:57Z","timestamp":1604621697000},"page":"595-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute Provoked Seizures\u2014Work-Up and Management in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Rana","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa B.","family":"Swisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318251e6c3","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures: a clinically oriented review","volume":"18","author":"P Beleza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x","article-title":"Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure","volume":"51","author":"E Beghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"614","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures and systemic illness","volume":"20","author":"S Karceski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"R S Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.2.189","article-title":"Non-convulsive status epilepticus: usefulness of clinical features in selecting patients for urgent EEG","volume":"74","author":"A M Husain","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNP.0000158699.78529.AF","article-title":"Which EEG patterns warrant treatment in the critically ill? Reviewing the evidence for treatment of periodic epileptiform discharges and related patterns","volume":"22","author":"D J Chong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9695-z","article-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus","volume":"17","author":"G M Brophy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121","article-title":"A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus","volume":"56","author":"E Trinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","first-page":"1683","article-title":"Status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, and super-refractory status epilepticus","volume":"24","author":"S E Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"S 06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12270","article-title":"Unified EEG terminology and criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus","volume":"54","author":"S Beniczky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01005.x","article-title":"Incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1984","volume":"36","author":"J F Annegers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"S 11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.00408.x","article-title":"Mortality in the first 30 days following incident acute symptomatic seizures","volume":"46","author":"D C Hesdorffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x","article-title":"Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure","volume":"50","author":"D C Hesdorffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.337","article-title":"Hospital-onset seizures: an inpatient study","volume":"70","author":"M C Fields","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a00604","article-title":"Continuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"37","author":"M Oddo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125184.88797.62","article-title":"Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients","volume":"62","author":"J Claassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0340-y","article-title":"Nonconvulsive seizure control in the intensive care unit","volume":"17","author":"M Wasim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.06.012","article-title":"Nonconvulsive seizures in patients presenting with altered mental status: an evidence-based review","volume":"22","author":"S Zehtabchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.04.012","article-title":"EEG patterns compatible with nonconvulsive status epilepticus are common in elderly patients with delirium: a prospective study with continuous EEG monitoring","volume":"36","author":"G Naeije","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.12.1750","article-title":"Frequency and predictors of nonconvulsive seizures during continuous electroencephalographic monitoring in critically ill children","volume":"63","author":"N Jette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181a9d8b5","article-title":"Continuous electroencephalogram monitoring in the intensive care unit","volume":"109","author":"D Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000130989.17100.96","article-title":"Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"O Camilo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182364878","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after stroke","volume":"77","author":"E Beghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-018-0525-2","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures and provoked seizures: to treat or not to treat?","volume":"20","author":"N Gunawardane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2012-000244","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures","volume":"12","author":"D J McLauchlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.11.1617","article-title":"Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"57","author":"C F Bladin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000038906.71394.DE","article-title":"Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"60","author":"J Claassen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2016-000047","article-title":"Current management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"C K Dastur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.11.017","article-title":"A systematic review of epileptic seizures in adults with subdural haematomas","volume":"45","author":"S-Y Won","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317140-00002","article-title":"Seizures in alcohol-dependent patients: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management","volume":"17","author":"M Hillbom","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"4718372","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures among adult medical admissions","volume":"2016","author":"P O Nwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res Treat"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01996.x","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures in CNS infection","volume":"15","author":"M A Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000288178.91614.5d","article-title":"Seizures in adults with bacterial meningitis","volume":"70","author":"E Zoons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(85)90028-1","article-title":"Seizures in bacterial meningitis: prevalence, patterns, pathogenesis, and prognosis","volume":"1","author":"N P Rosman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.9.1407","article-title":"The risk of unprovoked seizures after encephalitis and meningitis","volume":"38","author":"J F Annegers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610395654","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis","volume":"4","author":"P Singhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-7766.2002.00403.x","article-title":"Cerebral vasculitis: a practical approach","volume":"2","author":"F G Joseph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70224-2","article-title":"Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies","volume":"7","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(03)00060-4","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of electrolyte disturbances","volume":"20","author":"J E Riggs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597-16.1.48","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society","volume":"16","author":"T Glauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-017-0460-1","article-title":"Emergency neurological life support: status epilepticus","volume":"27","author":"J Claassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01311.x","article-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in the critically ill elderly","volume":"39","author":"B Litt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9337-2","article-title":"Use of EEG monitoring and management of non-convulsive seizures in critically ill patients: a survey of neurologists","volume":"12","author":"N S Abend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182591ff1","article-title":"Third-line antiepileptic therapy and outcome in status epilepticus: the impact of vasopressor use and prolonged mechanical ventilation","volume":"40","author":"R G Kowalski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000009","article-title":"Anesthetic drugs in status epilepticus: risk or rescue? A 6-year cohort study","volume":"82","author":"R Sutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003224","article-title":"Therapeutic coma for status epilepticus: differing practices in a prospective multicenter study","volume":"87","author":"V Alvarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.2.205","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome","volume":"59","author":"S A Mayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809173391202","article-title":"A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus","volume":"339","author":"D M Treiman","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa002141","article-title":"A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus","volume":"345","author":"B K Alldredge","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.0987","article-title":"Inadequate benzodiazepine dosing may result in progression to refractory and non-convulsive status epilepticus","volume":"20","author":"S K Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107494","article-title":"Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus","volume":"366","author":"R Silbergleit","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25249","article-title":"Randomized trial of lacosamide versus fosphenytoin for nonconvulsive seizures","volume":"83","author":"A M Husain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106466","article-title":"Intravenous antiepileptic drugs in adults with benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"F Brigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"643","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug treatment: new drugs and new strategies","volume":"19","author":"J A French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.12.007","article-title":"The relative effectiveness of five antiepileptic drugs in treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: a meta-analysis of published studies","volume":"23","author":"Z Yasiry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00850.x","article-title":"Use of levetiracetam in hospitalized patients","volume":"47","author":"M Falip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12058","article-title":"Lacosamide as a new treatment option in status epilepticus","volume":"54","author":"J H\u00f6fler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref59","first-page":"508","article-title":"Update on antiepileptic drugs 2019","volume":"25","author":"B W Abou-Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14488","article-title":"Parenteral phenobarbital in status epilepticus revisited: Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"59","author":"S Hocker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00704-9","article-title":"Perampanel treatment for refractory status epilepticus in a neurological intensive care unit","volume":"31","author":"C-J Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14082","article-title":"The role of AMPA receptors and their antagonists in status epilepticus","volume":"59","author":"A Leo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13212","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures","volume":"56","author":"P Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2229","article-title":"Use of newer anticonvulsants for the treatment of status epilepticus","volume":"39","author":"S Farrokh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2006.11.002","article-title":"Clobazam","volume":"4","author":"Y-T Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1719075.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T14:52:39Z","timestamp":1698331959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1719075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1719075","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}