{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T02:28:24Z","timestamp":1776306504695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Audiology","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2019S1A5A2A01051014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019S1A5A2A01051014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j am acad audiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\u2003Auditory working memory is a crucial factor for complex cognitive tasks such as speech-in-noise understanding because speech communication in noise engages multiple auditory and cognitive capacities to encode, store, and retrieve information.\n An immediate free recall task of words has been used frequently as a measure of auditory working memory capacity. <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\u2003The present study investigated performance on the immediate free recall of words in quiet and noisy conditions for hearing-impaired listeners. <jats:bold>Research\n Design<\/jats:bold>\u2003Fifty hearing-impaired listeners (30 younger and 20 older) participated in this study. Lists of 10 phonetically and lexically balanced words were presented with a fixed presentation rate in quiet and noise conditions. Target words were presented at an individually determined\n most comfortable level (MCL). Participants were required to recall as many of the words in an arbitrary order immediately after the end of the list. Serial position curves were determined from the accuracy of free recall as a function of the word position in the sequence. <jats:bold>Data Collection\n and Analysis<\/jats:bold>\u2003Three-way analyses of variance with repeated measures were conducted on the percent-correct word recall scores, with two independent within-group factors (serial position and listening condition) and a between-group factor (younger, older). <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2003A traditional\n serial position curve was found in hearing-impaired listeners, yet the serial position effects depended on the listening condition. In quiet, the listeners with hearing loss were likely to recall more words from the initial and final positions compared with the middle-position words. In multi-talker\n babble noise, more difficulties were observed when recalling the words in the initial position compared with the words in the final position. <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\u2003Without a noise, a traditional <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>-shaped serial position curve consisting of primacy and recency effects was observed\n from hearing-impaired listeners, in accord with previous findings from normal-hearing listeners. The adverse impact of background noise was more pronounced in the primacy effect than in the recency effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T01:57:45Z","timestamp":1613527065000},"page":"701-707","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Background Noise on Immediate Free Recall of Words in Younger and Older Listeners with Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.3766","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jung-sun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Hallym University of Graduate Studies, Gangnam-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukyeong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Hallym University of Graduate Studies, Gangnam-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Hallym University of Graduate Studies, Gangnam-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2087","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Working memory","author":"A D Baddeley","year":"1974"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802301142","article-title":"Are individual differences in speech reception related to individual differences in cognitive ability? 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