{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T16:27:33Z","timestamp":1744734453936},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Human cases of acute profound hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury (HII), in which the insult duration timed with precision had been identified, remains rare, and there is often uncertainty of the prior state of fetal health.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003A retrospective analysis of 10 medicolegal cases of neonatal encephalopathy-cerebral palsy survivors who sustained intrapartum HI basal ganglia-thalamic (BGT) pattern injury in the absence of an obstetric sentinel event.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003Cardiotocography (CTG) admission status was reassuring in six and suspicious in four of the cases. The median time from assessment by admission CTG or auscultation to birth was 687.5 minutes (interquartile range [IQR]: 373.5\u2013817.5 minutes), while the median time interval between first pathological CTG and delivery of the infant was 179 minutes (IQR: 137\u2013199.25 minutes). The mode of delivery in the majority of infants (60%) was by unassisted vaginal birth; four were delivered by delayed caesarean section. The median (IQR) interval between the decision to perform a caesarean section and delivery was 169 minutes (range: 124\u2013192.5 minutes).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003The study shows that if a nonreassuring fetal status develops during labor and is prolonged, a BGT pattern HI injury may result, in the absence of a perinatal sentinel event. Intrapartum BGT pattern injury and radiologically termed \u201cacute profound HI brain injury\u201d are not necessarily synonymous. A visualized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern should preferably solely reflect the patterns description and severity, rather than a causative mechanism of injury.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T23:44:10Z","timestamp":1608075850000},"page":"1124-1131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intrapartum Basal Ganglia\u2013Thalamic Pattern Injury and Radiologically Termed \u201cAcute Profound Hypoxic\u2013Ischemic Brain Injury\u201d Are Not Synonymous"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regan","family":"Solomons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindi","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard J.","family":"Langenegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan W.","family":"Lotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savvas","family":"Andronikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"van Toorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71048-5","article-title":"4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why?","volume":"365","author":"J E Lawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy incidence and impairment at regional and global levels for 2010 with trends from 1990","volume":"74","author":"A CC Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","first-page":"12","article-title":"Intrapartum-related birth asphyxia in South Africa - Lessons from the first national perinatal care survey","volume":"9","author":"E J Buchmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"S Afr J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0602-8","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy after perinatal sentinel events: less brain injury on MRI and improved neurodevelopmental outcome at 18-36 months","volume":"40","author":"B Grass","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0674-9","article-title":"Patterns of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury","volume":"52","author":"L S de Vries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.026","article-title":"Acute perinatal sentinel events, neonatal brain injury pattern, and outcome of infants undergoing a trial of hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"180","author":"S Shankaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0770","article-title":"Patterns of brain injury in neonates exposed to perinatal sentinel events","volume":"121","author":"A Okereafor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(98)00002-2","article-title":"The syndrome of acute near-total intrauterine asphyxia in the term infant","volume":"18","author":"J F Pasternak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(00)00072-4","article-title":"Bilateral basal ganglia-thalamic lesions subsequent to prolonged fetal bradycardia","volume":"58","author":"A Okumura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.108996","article-title":"Determination of the timing of fetal brain damage from hypoxemia-ischemia","volume":"184","author":"R L Naeye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1576\/toag.13.3.169.27669","article-title":"How long have we got to get the baby out? A review of the effects of acute and profound intrapartum hypoxia and ischaemia","volume":"13","author":"J Rennie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.03.004","article-title":"Systematic approaches to adverse events in obstetrics, Part II: Event analysis and response","volume":"41","author":"C M Pettker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(59)90032-9","article-title":"Brain damage in the monkey, macaca mulatta, by asphyxia neonatorum","volume":"1","author":"J B Ranck Jr","year":"1959","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"223","article-title":"Four patterns of perinatal brain damage and their conditions of occurrence in primates","volume":"10","author":"R E Myers","year":"1975","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199205000-00016","article-title":"Cerebral histologic and electrocorticographic changes after asphyxia in fetal sheep","volume":"31","author":"A J Gunn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)91728-1","article-title":"Transient umbilical cord occlusion causes hippocampal damage in the fetal sheep","volume":"167","author":"E C Mallard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199301000-00013","article-title":"Frequent episodes of brief ischemia sensitize the fetal sheep brain to neuronal loss and induce striatal injury","volume":"33","author":"E C Mallard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199506000-00006","article-title":"Repeated episodes of umbilical cord occlusion in fetal sheep lead to preferential damage to the striatum and sensitize the heart to further insults","volume":"37","author":"E C Mallard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000105472","article-title":"Prenatal cord clamping in newborn Macaca nemestrina: A model of perinatal asphyxia","volume":"29","author":"S E Juul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Volpe's Neurology of the Newborn","author":"J J Volpe","year":"2018","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7005.598","article-title":"Predictors of neonatal encephalopathy in full-term infants","volume":"311","author":"S J Adamson","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.013","article-title":"Obstetric antecedents to body-cooling treatment of the newborn infant","volume":"211","author":"D B Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"370","article-title":"Primate pelvic anatomy and implications for birth","volume":"2015","author":"W Trevathan","year":"1663","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000445580.65983.d2","article-title":"Executive summary: neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome, second edition. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03150090043010","article-title":"Brain damage at birth. Functional and structural modifications with time","volume":"206","author":"W F Windle","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(72)90124-X","article-title":"Two patterns of perinatal brain damage and their conditions of occurrence","volume":"112","author":"R E Myers","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1639356","article-title":"Risk factors for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the absence of sentinel events","volume":"36","author":"C M Novak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.07.012","article-title":"Subacute hypoxia-ischemia and the timing of injury in treatment with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"53","author":"E Kasdorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","first-page":"81","article-title":"Acute near-total intrauterine asphyxia","volume":"20","author":"A MacLennan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220774","article-title":"Fetal heart rate patterns in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: relationship with early cerebral activity and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"26","author":"D M Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.020","article-title":"FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: cardiotocography","volume":"131","author":"D Ayres-de-Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90032-E","article-title":"Uterine rupture after previous cesarean delivery: maternal and fetal consequences","volume":"169","author":"A S Leung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.03.063","article-title":"The intrapartum deceleration in center stage: a physiologic approach to the interpretation of fetal heart rate changes in labor","volume":"197","author":"J A Westgate","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13008.x","article-title":"Relation between frequency of uterine contractions and human fetal cerebral oxygen saturation studied during labour by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"101","author":"D M Peebles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1721692.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T23:51:09Z","timestamp":1658879469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1721692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1721692","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}}}