{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:02:52Z","timestamp":1788321772137,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Medical Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL\/P) is one of the most common congenital malformations in humans involving various genetic and environmental risk factors. The prevalence of CL\/P varies according to geographical location, ethnicity, race, gender, and socioeconomic status, affecting approximately 1 in 800 live births worldwide. Genetic studies aim to understand the mechanisms contributory to a phenotype by measuring the association between genetic variants and also between genetic variants and phenotype population. Genome-wide association studies are standard tools used to discover genetic loci related to a trait of interest. Genetic association studies are generally divided into two main design types: population-based studies and family-based studies. The epidemiological population-based studies comprise unrelated individuals that directly compare the frequency of genetic variants between (usually independent) cases and controls. The alternative to population-based studies (case\u2013control designs) includes various family-based study designs that comprise related individuals. An example of such a study is a case\u2013parent trio design study, which is commonly employed in genetics to identify the variants underlying complex human disease where transmission of alleles from parents to offspring is studied. This article describes the fundamentals of case\u2013parent trio study, trio design and its significances, statistical methods, and limitations of the trio studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T01:31:12Z","timestamp":1606959072000},"page":"075-079","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Case\u2013Parent Trio Studies in Cleft Lip and Palate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"07","author":[{"given":"Mahamad Irfanulla","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashanth","family":"CS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.10.1853","article-title":"The many faces and factors of orofacial clefts","volume":"8","author":"B C Schutte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1053\/jpdn.2000.8148","article-title":"Genetics of cleft lip and palate","volume":"15","author":"P L Bender","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200112000-00011","article-title":"The genetics and epigenetics of orofacial clefts","volume":"13","author":"R A Spritz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin 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