{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:55:45Z","timestamp":1775674545309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003We investigated the effects of vitamin D deficiency in the peripheral and central smell regions by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003This retrospective study included 29 patients (12 males, 17 females) with 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)2D3] deficiency (group 1) and 34 subjects without 25(OH)2D3 deficiency (14 males, 20 females) (group 2). Using cranial MRIs, the peripheral (olfactory bulb [OB] volume and olfactory sulcus [OS] depth) and central (insular gyrus and corpus amygdala) smell regions were evaluated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The OB volume and OS depth values of the 25(OH)2D3 deficiency group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). For the central smell regions, the insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas of the 25(OH)2D3 deficiency group were nonsignificantly lower than those in the control group (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). There were positive correlations between OB volumes, OS depths, and insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas bilaterally in the 25(OH)2D3 deficiency group separately and in all subjects (groups 1 and 2) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In the 25(OH)2D3 deficiency group, as the 25(OH)2D3 values became lower, the insular gyrus area values decreased bilaterally (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In females, the corpus amygdala area values were lower than in males (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Since vitamin D3 deficiency affected the peripheral and central smell regions negatively, we recommend evaluating patients' vitamin D levels as a health policy to prevent vitamin D3 deficiency-related cranial smell region problems. Moreover, sunlight exposure is very important to increase vitamin D levels, and the public should be informed about this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:08:19Z","timestamp":1611101299000},"page":"593-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Smell Regions in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency: An MRI Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Ziya","family":"\u015eencan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, K\u0131r\u0131kkale University, K\u0131r\u0131kkale, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuray","family":"Bayar Muluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, K\u0131r\u0131kkale University, K\u0131r\u0131kkale, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Hamdi","family":"\u015eahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"M F Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.604","article-title":"Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004","volume":"169","author":"A A Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern 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