{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:58:14Z","timestamp":1780451894133,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICMR for Short Term Studentship project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nIntroduction\u2003Fixation is the critical step in the preservation of tissues in diagnostic pathology. The formalin is an economical and excellent fixative with the inherent property of adequate fixation. The well-established side effects of formalin include mucosal irritation, upper respiratory diseases, and corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, substantial evidence exists regarding the potential role of formaldehyde as a human carcinogen. The carcinogenic and toxic effects of formalin encourage searching for alternative fixatives for tissue fixation. However, \u201cthe formalin dogma\u201d has severely hampered the search for alternative fixatives for many years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nMaterial and Methods\u2003Ninety tissues of liver and skeletal muscle obtained during autopsies were immersed in adequate amounts of the following fixatives: formalin (10%), methyl alcohol (70%), and acetone (100%). The comparison among the three was made based on time for fixation, preservation of tissue architecture, cell borders, cytoplasm, nuclear contours, chromatin texture, and uniformity of staining.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nResults\u2003The tissue preserved in formalin undergoes rapid fixation compared with alcohol and acetone. The tissue architecture, cell border characteristics of alcohol and acetone was found satisfactory compared with formalin. The cytoplasm and nuclear contour were superior with the formalin. The chromatin texture and uniformity of staining were similar with all the three fixatives.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nConclusion\u2003The formalin is considered superior to most of the parameters, whereas both methyl alcohol and acetone showed nearly equivalent scores. Hence, owing to the potential human health hazards and carcinogenicity of formalin, no rational reasons hamper the complete substitution of formalin with alternative fixatives such as alcohol and acetone in diagnostic pathology and medical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T23:37:32Z","timestamp":1609371452000},"page":"271-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Histomorphological Assessment of Formalin versus Nonformalin Fixatives in Diagnostic Surgical Pathology"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jayaprakash Kubalady","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Fathima","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishan Prasad","family":"Hosapatna Laxminarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Formaldehyde: an analysis of its respiratory, cutaneous, and immunologic effects","volume":"66","author":"E J Bardana Jr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","first-page":"298","article-title":"Establishment of the formalin-free surgical pathology laboratory. Utility of an alcohol-based fixative","volume":"118","author":"D G Bostwick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"520 p","volume-title":"Carleton's Histological Technique","author":"H M Carleton","year":"1980","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7542","article-title":"Meeting report: summary of IARC monographs on formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol","volume":"113","author":"V J Cogliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1179\/his.2001.24.3.173","article-title":"Introduction to the theory and practice of fixation of tissues","volume":"24","author":"I Eltoum","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Histotechnol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"942 p","volume-title":"Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry","author":"R D Lillie","year":"1976","edition":"4th ed"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref7","first-page":"321","article-title":"Formaldehyde toxicity","volume":"103","author":"T A Loomis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0668-3","article-title":"Combined analysis of chromosomal aberrations and glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms in pathologists occupationally exposed to formaldehyde","volume":"85","author":"A Santovito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","first-page":"35","article-title":"Fixation conditions for DNA and RNA in situ hybridization: a reassessment of molecular morphology dogma","volume":"152","author":"A Tbakhi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.102496","article-title":"Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation","volume":"16","author":"R Thavarajah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.079905","article-title":"Alcohol based tissue fixation as an alternative for formaldehyde: influence on immunohistochemistry","volume":"63","author":"H F van Essen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-59","article-title":"Evaluation of two commercial and three home-made fixatives for the substitution of formalin: a formaldehyde-free laboratory is possible","volume":"11","author":"C Zanini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Laboratory Physicians"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1722546.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T08:17:02Z","timestamp":1703405822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jlabphy.org\/histomorphological-assessment-of-formalin-versus-nonformalin-fixatives-in-diagnostic-surgical-pathology\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1722546","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-2727","0974-7826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-2727","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}}}