{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:15:03Z","timestamp":1787004903370,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Identification of congenital skeletal abnormalities is complex because of the large variety of individual syndromes and dysplasias that are often difficult to remember. Although a correct diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical, radiologic, and genetic tests, imaging plays an important role in selecting those patients who should be referred for further genetic counseling and expensive genetic tests. In addition to information derived from radiologic analysis of other skeletal elements, radiographs of the hand and wrist may provide particular useful information. In the first part of this article, we provide a guide for a systematic radiologic analysis of the hand and wrist bones that may help characterize congenital and developmental diseases. Special attention is given to the use of correct terminology. In the second part, we discuss typical examples of congenital and developmental diseases involving the hand and wrist, with an emphasis on skeletal dysplasias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T18:55:39Z","timestamp":1622746539000},"page":"260-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Hand and Wrist"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Filip M.","family":"Vanhoenacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital\/University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, AZ Sint-Maarten, Mechelen, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital\/University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Simoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology and Medical Imaging, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"Bosmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital\/University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, AZ Sint-Maarten, Mechelen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5860-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Boutry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHU Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(01)00398-9","article-title":"Congenital skeletal abnormalities: an introduction to the radiological semiology","volume":"40","author":"F M Vanhoenacker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"On brachydactyly and symphalangism","author":"J Bell","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Congenital defects, malformation syndromes and skeletal dysplasias","author":"A Castriota Sanderbeg","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-19-10-1312","article-title":"Endocrine significance of short metacarpals","volume":"19","author":"R M Archibald","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0295-3","volume-title":"Gamut Index of Skeletal Dysplasias","author":"K Kozlowski","year":"2001","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","first-page":"124","article-title":"Chondroectodermal dysplasia","volume":"89","author":"K de Jongh","year":"2006","journal-title":"JBR-BTR"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1311766","article-title":"Congenital malformations of the hand and forearm in children: what radiologists should know","volume":"16","author":"J Aucourt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80314-5","article-title":"A rare variant of mirror hand: a case report","volume":"21","author":"S S Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2004.11.012","article-title":"Poland's syndrome and hand's malformations: about a clinic series of 37 patients. 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