{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:45:10Z","timestamp":1792251910877,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Aim\u2003Tonic tics (TTs) are a part of a clinical picture of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and manifest themselves as sustained and isometric contraction of a muscle group devoid of the movement effect or accompanied by only slight visible motion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and phenomenology of TTs, and to assess the clinical associations of TTs with tic severity and comorbidities in patients with GTS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003We performed a one-time registration study in a cohort of 241 consecutive outpatients with GTS aged 5 to 50 years (188 males, 153 patients under the age of 18 years). All patients were personally interviewed and examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003TTs occurred in 85.2% of adults and 63.9% of children and adolescents. Most frequently reported types of TTs were tensing of the abdomen (58.7%), neck (52.7%), and upper limbs (50.3%). Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between TTs and the total number of simple tics, total number of complex tics, and age at evaluation. In the group of children and adolescents, an additional significant variable was the duration of GTS. In the group of adults, significant parameters were total number of simple tics, total number of complex tics, peak tic severity ever experienced, premonitory urges, and the presence of dystonic tics.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003TTs belong to the tic spectrum, common and early symptoms of GTS, are associated with overall a greater number of tics which are more severe, and with more comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T23:39:15Z","timestamp":1610667555000},"page":"370-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tonic Tics in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"Kaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Janik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","first-page":"936","article-title":"Tics and Tourette syndrome","volume":"25","author":"H S Singer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00001-9","article-title":"An introduction to the clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome","volume":"112","author":"D Martino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060309","article-title":"Dystonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome","volume":"6","author":"J Jankovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70311-X","article-title":"Tourette syndrome. 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Part I: assessment","volume":"20","author":"D C Cath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090315","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonic tics","volume":"9","author":"J Jankovic","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/8.2.267","article-title":"The epidemiology of Tourette's syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"J Jagger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10618","article-title":"Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"18","author":"C Kwak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00873.x","article-title":"Premonitory sensory phenomena and suppressibility of tics in Tourette syndrome: developmental aspects in children and adolescents","volume":"45","author":"T Banaschewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.1.98","article-title":"Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"150","author":"J F Leckman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2014.11.005","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: update","volume":"37","author":"M Hallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16097","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"3","author":"M M Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","first-page":"335","article-title":"Dystonic tics in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"53","author":"N Szejko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"}],"container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0040-1722689.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T22:33:05Z","timestamp":1632177185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0040-1722689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1722689","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-304X","1439-1899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-304X","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]}}}