{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:06:39Z","timestamp":1774868799903,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"American Academy of Audiology","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j am acad audiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\u2003Interesting data and theories have emerged regarding auditory hallucinations (AHs) in patients with schizophrenia. The possibility that these patients may have changes in the anatomy of the auditory cortex and\/or subcortical structures of\n the central auditory nervous system and present with deficits on audiological tests is important information to the audiology community. However, it seems clear that, in general, audiologists are not sufficiently aware of these findings. <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\u2003There are two main purposes\n of this article: (1) to educate audiologists about AHs related to schizophrenia and related issues, and (2) to encourage audiologists and hearing scientists to become involved in the evaluation and research of AHs. This fascinating disorder is one in which audiologists\/hearing scientists are\n well suited to make a significant contribution. <jats:bold>Research Design<\/jats:bold>\u2003A review and synthesis of the literature was conducted. Relevant literature was identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as independent book chapters and article searches. Keywords driving the searches\n were AHs, auditory illusions, verbal and musical hallucinations, schizophrenia, and central auditory disorders. Given the currency of the topic, the information collected was primarily between 1990 and 2020. <jats:bold>Study Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2003The review is organized around categorization, prevalence,\n models, mechanisms, anatomy, pathophysiology, and audiological correlates related to AHs. <jats:bold>Data Collection and Analysis<\/jats:bold>\u2003Searches were conducted using well-known search engines and manual searches by each author. This information on AHs was then analyzed collectively by the authors\n for useful background and relevance, as well as important for the field of audiology. <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2003Several anatomical, physiological, and functional imaging studies have shown compromise of the auditory cortex in those with schizophrenia and AHs. Potentially related to this, are\n studies that demonstrated sub-par performance on behavioral audiologic measures for this unique clinical population. These findings align well with the kind of hearing disorder for which audiologists are well-trained to make significant contributions. <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\u2003Neurobiological\n and audiological evidence is accumulating on patients with schizophrenia and AH potentially rendering it as both an auditory and psychiatric disorder. Audiologists should consider expanding their horizon and playing a role in the clinical investigation of this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1722989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:47:34Z","timestamp":1622594854000},"page":"195-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Auditory Hallucinations: An Audiological Horizon?"],"prefix":"10.3766","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Frank E.","family":"Musiek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Ichiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa J.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2087","reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0765-2","article-title":"Genetic overlap between psychotic experiences in the community across age and with psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"W Barkhuizen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718000594","article-title":"Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study","volume":"49","author":"M MJ Linszen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.3.302","article-title":"Unilateral auditory hallucinations in a boy with ipsilateral conductive hearing loss","volume":"62","author":"J R Brasic","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12768","article-title":"Over-diagnosis of cognitive deficits in psychiatric patients may be the result of not controlling for hearing sensitivity and auditory processing","volume":"72","author":"V Iliadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12514","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia: literature review and suggestions for future research","volume":"60","author":"N P Moschopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.03.014","article-title":"Auditory hallucinations: expectation-perception model","volume":"78","author":"J M Nazimek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.1.82","article-title":"The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations","volume":"107","author":"R P Bentall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.08.004","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of musical hallucinations","volume":"227","author":"S Evers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502163813","article-title":"A comparison of auditory hallucinations in a psychiatric and non-psychiatric group","volume":"41","author":"L C Johns","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.01.017","article-title":"Correlates of hallucinations in schizophrenia: a cross-cultural evaluation","volume":"92","author":"P Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"S 04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S275","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu018","article-title":"Better than mermaids and stray dogs? 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