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Clinical trials for chronic liver diseases have adopted many of the practices set forth by RCTs in other chronic diseases, but blinding has often been difficult to properly implement. This review examines the rationale for blinding, common challenges to successful blinding, different mechanisms of unintentional unblinding in clinical trials for viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and recommendations for blinding and design in future trials of treatments for liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1723753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T22:54:59Z","timestamp":1620341699000},"page":"163-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blinding in Clinical Trials for Chronic Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Vivian","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Ellenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan M.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07124-4","article-title":"Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus","volume":"352","author":"T Poynard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1604635","article-title":"The emergence of the randomized, controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"L E Bothwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07816-9","article-title":"Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what","volume":"359","author":"K F Schulz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18539-2_7","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Clinical Trials","author":"L M Friedman","year":"2015","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451800137X","article-title":"Improvements in clinical characteristics of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, after an intervention based on the Mediterranean lifestyle: a randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"120","author":"C N Katsagoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290060030","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias. 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