{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T19:48:25Z","timestamp":1770234505651,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objective\u2003The study aimed to describe the cases of neurological disease related to the outbreak of enterovirus (EV) in three regions in Northern Spain during 2016.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Materials and Methods\u2003Multicenter retrospective observational study. Clinical, radiological, and microbiological data were analyzed from patients younger than 15 years with confirmed EV-associated neurological disease admitted to 10 hospitals of Asturias, Cantabria, and Castile and Leon between January 1 and December 31, 2016.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2003Fifty-five patients were included. Median age was 24 months (interquartile range\u2009=\u200918.5 months). Fifteen patients were classified as aseptic meningitis (27.3%). In total, 37 cases presented brainstem encephalitis (67.3%), 25 of them due to EV-A71 with excellent prognosis (84.6% asymptomatic 2 months following the onset). Three cases of acute flaccid myelitis (5.5%) by EV-D68 were reported and presented persistent paresis 2 months following the onset. Microbiological diagnosis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed in all cases, finding EV in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis, but not in brainstem encephalitis and acute flaccid myelitis, where EV was found in respiratory or rectal samples. Step therapy was administrated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; 32.7%), methylprednisolone (10%), and plasmapheresis (3.6%). Four patients received fluoxetine (7.3%). Twenty patients needed to be admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (36.4%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2003Clinical, microbiological, and radiological diagnosis is essential in outbreaks of EV neurological disease, taking into account that it can be difficult to identify EV-A71 and EV-D68 in CSF, requiring throat or rectal samples. There is not specific treatment to these conditions and the efficacy and understanding of the mechanism of action of immune-modulatory treatment (IVIG, corticosteroids, and plasmapheresis) is limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T23:40:14Z","timestamp":1614814814000},"page":"192-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Outbreak of Enterovirus Infection with Neurological Presentations in a Pediatric Population in Northern Spain: A Clinical Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Hedrera-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Cancho-Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Arribas-Arceredillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Garrido-Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Conejo-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sariego-Jamardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Socorro","family":"Perez-Poyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodriguez-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Leon, Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"del Villar-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Bermejo-Arnedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Valenceja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General Rio Carrion, Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Maldonado-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General Rio Carrion, Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saturnino","family":"Ortiz-Madinaveitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Santa Barbara, Soria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Belen","family":"Camina-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Santos Reyes, Aranda de Duero, Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Blanco-Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Malaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00261","article-title":"Enterovirus and Encephalitis","volume":"11","author":"B-S Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front 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