{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:26:20Z","timestamp":1740147980520,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing the number of suture strands traversing the transection site, level of suture purchase and depth of suture penetrance on the biomechanical properties of repaired gastrocnemius tendons.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Study Design\u2003Thirty-eight adult cadaveric gastrocnemius tendons were randomized, transected and repaired with either two-, four- or six-strand locking multi-level repair. Tensile loads required to create a 1 and 3\u2009mm gap, yield, peak and failure loads and failure mode were analysed. Significance was set at p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation yield, peak and failure force for six-strand repairs was 90.6\u2009\u00b1\u200922.1\u2009N, 111.4\u2009\u00b1\u200915.2\u2009N and 110.3\u2009\u00b1\u200915.1\u2009N respectively. This was significantly greater compared with both four-strand (55.0\u2009\u00b1\u20098.9\u2009N, 72.9\u2009\u00b1\u20097.8\u2009N and 72.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2\u2009N) and two-strand repairs (24.7\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3\u2009N, 36.5\u2009\u00b1\u20096.0\u2009N and 36.1\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3\u2009N) respectively (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Occurrence of 3\u2009mm gap formation was significantly less using six-strand repairs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Mode of failure did not differ between groups with all repairs (36\/36; 100%) failing by suture pull-through.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Pattern modification by increasing the number of suture strands crossing the repair site, increasing points of suture purchase from the transection site and depth of suture penetrance is positively correlated with repair site strength while significantly reducing the occurrence of gap formation in a canine cadaveric model. Additional studies in vivo are recommended to evaluate their effect on tendinous healing, blood supply and glide resistance prior to clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T07:28:53Z","timestamp":1617262133000},"page":"248-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ex Vivo Biomechanical Assessment of a Novel Multi-Strand Repair of Canine Tendon Lacerations"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Chiara P.","family":"Curcillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Orthopaedic Basic Science: Foundations of Clinical Practice","author":"R J O'Keefe","year":"2018","edition":"4th edition."},{"first-page":"1319","volume-title":"Muscle and tendon disorders","year":"2018","key":"ref2"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1633097","article-title":"Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989","volume":"07","author":"J Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Textbook of Small Animal Surgery","author":"D H Slatter","year":"2003","edition":"3rd edition."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c4190","article-title":"Retrospective study of Achilles mechanism disruption in 45 dogs","volume":"167","author":"S A Corr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12565","article-title":"Augmented repair of an Achilles tendon rupture using the flexor digitorum lateralis tendon in a toy poodle","volume":"45","author":"M Katayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2015.12329.x","article-title":"Mechanical testing of a synthetic canine gastrocnemius tendon implant","volume":"44","author":"M A Morton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00035","article-title":"Chronic Achilles tendon rupture augmented by transposition of the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus muscles","volume":"157","author":"K A Diserens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-08-0133","article-title":"Repair of chronic rupture of the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon in the dog using a polyethylene terephthalate implant. 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