{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T18:14:11Z","timestamp":1766600051954},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute soft tissue trauma to the head and neck is a common reason for emergency department presentation and should be appropriately evaluated by a facial plastic surgeon. The evaluation of a patient who has suffered facial trauma should always include a comprehensive facial nerve exam and carry a low threshold of suspicion for parotid duct injury when involving the cheek. Injuries to the facial nerve and parotid duct can result in significant long-term functional, cosmetic, and emotional morbidity, particularly when diagnosis is delayed. In the repair of facial nerve transection, neurorrhaphy technique is primarily based on the ability to obtain tension-free anastomosis and outcomes are in large part related to timing of repair. Parotid duct injuries are generally repaired based on the site of ductal injury. In this article, we present a guide to the relevant anatomy of the facial nerve branches and the parotid duct, the important factors guiding treatment decisions alongside their related risks and benefits, as well as the management of complications of facial nerve neurorrhaphy and parotid duct injuries and repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T23:58:57Z","timestamp":1614643137000},"page":"490-499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Management of Acute Facial Nerve and Parotid Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Tyler J.","family":"McElwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Poche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin C.","family":"Sowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura T.","family":"Hetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1275252","article-title":"Surgical approaches to facial nerve deficits","volume":"21","author":"C Birgfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2017.06.010","article-title":"Emergent soft tissue repair in facial trauma","volume":"25","author":"M Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","first-page":"1498","article-title":"Facial nerve trauma: clinical evaluation and management strategies","volume":"143","author":"S Brown","year":"2019"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2019.11.004","article-title":"Immediate compared with late repair of extracranial branches of the facial nerve: a comparative study","volume":"58","author":"R Y Kannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-15545","article-title":"Facial nerve repair: a retrospective review","volume":"16","author":"D Bascom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822e952d","article-title":"Outcomes of facial nerve grafting in 155 cases: predictive value of history and preoperative function","volume":"32","author":"O A Ozmen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","first-page":"33","article-title":"Anatomic landmarks for localization of the branches of the facial nerve","volume":"1","author":"J C Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"OA Anat"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.087","article-title":"The great auricular nerve: anatomical study with application to nerve grafting procedures","volume":"125","author":"J Altafulla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21067","article-title":"Anatomy of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve in relation to the lateral epicondyle and cephalic vein","volume":"24","author":"W Wongkerdsook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000649","article-title":"Nerve grafts in head and neck reconstruction","volume":"28","author":"S G Hoshal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.031","article-title":"Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy","volume":"223","author":"W Z Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2013.04.003","article-title":"Nerve allografts and conduits in peripheral nerve repair","volume":"29","author":"M Y Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20975","article-title":"Processed nerve allografts for peripheral nerve reconstruction: a multicenter study of utilization and outcomes in sensory, mixed, and motor nerve reconstructions","volume":"32","author":"D N Brooks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.08.005","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of the repair of the multiple-branch facial nerve defect using acellular nerve allograft","volume":"74","author":"M Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.07.012","article-title":"Surgical management of postparalysis facial palsy and synkinesis","volume":"51","author":"B Azizzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000376","article-title":"Latest advances in the management of facial synkinesis","volume":"25","author":"J D Markey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.04.012","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection of both sides of the face to treat post-paralytic facial synkinesis","volume":"66","author":"K H Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(81)90330-3","article-title":"Parotid duct injuries","volume":"52","author":"J E Van Sickels","year":"1981","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(91)90107-P","article-title":"Parotid duct injury: is immediate surgical repair necessary?","volume":"22","author":"G Lewis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199011000-00013","article-title":"Parotid gland and facial nerve trauma: a retrospective review","volume":"30","author":"L Tachmes","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(05)70181-X","article-title":"Trauma to the salivary glands","volume":"32","author":"J R Haller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(96)90309-2","article-title":"The relationship of the buccal branch of the facial nerve to the parotid duct","volume":"54","author":"M A Pogrel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2019.04.006","article-title":"The Stensen's duct line: A landmark in parotid duct and gland injury and surgery. A prospective anatomical, clinical and radiological study","volume":"120","author":"G Robardey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2002.33118","article-title":"Traumatic injuries to the parotid gland and duct","volume":"60","author":"A A Lewkowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000219132.34809.ae","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of traumatic injuries of the parotid gland and duct using type a botulinum toxin","volume":"117","author":"S Arnaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1313356","article-title":"Salivary gland trauma: a review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"5","author":"M Lazaridou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23412","article-title":"Sialendoscopy-assisted microsurgical repair of traumatic transection of Stensen's duct","volume":"123","author":"M Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_24_18","article-title":"Reconstruction of the parotid duct","volume":"8","author":"A LL Medeiros Paz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.10.036","article-title":"Surgical management of Stenson's duct injury by using double J stent urethral catheter","volume":"17","author":"S N Aloosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.110130","article-title":"Surgical management of Stenson's duct injury using epidural catheter: a novel technique","volume":"16","author":"S R Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_166_16","article-title":"Parotid duct repair with intubation tube: technical note","volume":"7","author":"M B \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(83)90019-X","article-title":"Parotid duct transection associated with facial trauma: experience with 10 cases","volume":"36","author":"J H Stevenson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.07.011","article-title":"Reconstruction of parotid duct using autologous vein graft and venous coupler","volume":"51","author":"S Colbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.05.001","article-title":"Management of parotid duct injuries","volume":"99","author":"M J Steinberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267725","article-title":"Parotid gland trauma","volume":"26","author":"E A Gordin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1603","article-title":"Salivary duct stenosis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"37","author":"M Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/24118767","article-title":"Salivary duct strictures: nature and incidence in benign salivary obstruction","volume":"36","author":"R K Ngu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.08.019","article-title":"Chronic obstructive parotitis due to strictures of Stenson's duct--our treatment experience with sialoendoscopy","volume":"68","author":"L Ardekian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198901000-00015","article-title":"Post-traumatic parotid fistulae and sialoceles. A prospective study of conservative management in 51 cases","volume":"209","author":"D Parekh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref41","first-page":"1584","article-title":"Iatrogenic parotid sialocele after excision of malignant melanoma of the cheek","volume":"34","author":"L Abramova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-004-3115-5","article-title":"Transdermal scopolamine use for post-rhytidectomy sialocele","volume":"28","author":"O Lapid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2017.09.001","article-title":"Catheterization of post infection parotid duct sialocele with paediatric Ryles tube: A case report","volume":"8","author":"P Tandon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800720117","article-title":"Conservative management of post-traumatic parotid fistulae and sialoceles: a prospective study","volume":"72","author":"R Landau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1608","article-title":"Botulinum toxin therapy: functional silencing of salivary disorders","volume":"37","author":"A Lovato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.350","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A is an effective therapeutic tool for the management of parotid sialocele and fistula: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"S Maharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480050218762","article-title":"Tympanic neurectomy and chronic parotitis","volume":"120","author":"J P Vasama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1725129.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T03:16:56Z","timestamp":1724555816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1725129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1725129","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-6825","1098-8793"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0736-6825"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-8793"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}}}