{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:19:19Z","timestamp":1777076359688,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Epistaxis is a common presentation among children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003To investigate the suitability of a simple tool of assessment for patients with epistaxis that could guide in subgrouping those with possible bleeding tendencies who may need further assessment.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Children who presented to a tertiary outpatient clinic with epistaxis of an unknown cause were recruited. They underwent thorough clinical assessment and answered the pediatric bleeding questionnaire and the epistaxis severity score. All patients underwent complete blood count as well as coagulation profile, and confirmatory diagnostic tests were performed as needed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Among the 30,043 patients who presented to the outpatient clinic over a year, 100 children had epistaxis, with an estimated annual frequency of 1 in 300. A total of 84% of the patients were younger than 12, and nearly half of these were younger than 6 years. Seventy-six patients had recurrent epistaxis, and 12 had systemic comorbidities. A significant higher percentage of patients presented with epistaxis in the hot months of the year. A total of 90% of the patients presented anterior bleeding, and the majority were treated with nasal compression only. Forty-three patients presented with epistaxis only; 37 of them were diagnosed as idiopathic epistaxis, and 6 had local causes. Fifty-seven patients presented with other bleeding manifestations, 47 of whom had a definite bleeding disorder and the other 10 had undiagnosed bleeding tendency. Those with other bleeding manifestations showed a higher frequency of positive family history of epistaxis; of being referred from a primary care physician; of having alarming low platelet count, and of presenting less seasonal variability. A bleeding score \u2265 2 showed significant value in suspecting an underlying systemic pathology as a cause of epistaxis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The pediatric bleeding questionnaire is a useful and simple tool in the identification of pediatric patients who need further diagnostic testing to detect any underlying bleeding tendency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T23:20:23Z","timestamp":1622762423000},"page":"e183-e190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mohsen Saleh","family":"ElAlfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azaa Abdel Gawad","family":"Tantawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Badr Eldin Mostafa Badr","family":"Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amin","family":"Mekawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasmeen Abd elAziz","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3761-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Soliman Elsayed","family":"Ebeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1482","volume-title":"Epistaxis","author":"M Schechter","year":"2009"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","first-page":"479","article-title":"Epistaxis in Kaduna, Nigeria: a review of 101 cases","volume":"12","author":"A M Kodiya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"584","article-title":"Epistaxis","volume":"30","author":"C M 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