{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T07:48:23Z","timestamp":1771746503024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008802","name":"AYUSH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["40\/2016\u201317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40\/2016\u201317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Homeopathy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease that is fatal if treatment is not given. The available chemotherapeutic options are unsatisfactory, and so complementary therapies like homeopathy might be a promising approach.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A nosode from a pure axenic culture of Leishmania donovani was prepared and screened for its anti-leishmanial potential both in an in-vitro and an in-vivo experimental approach.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Leishmania donovani amastigote promastigote nosode (LdAPN 30C) exhibited significant anti-leishmanial activity against the promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani and was found to be safe. A study conducted on VL-infected mice revealed that LdAPN 30C resolved the disease by modulating the host immune response toward the Th1 type through upregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17) and inducing nitric oxide (NO) levels in the infected macrophages. The hepatic parasite load was also found to be significantly decreased. The nosode was found to be safe, as no histological alterations in the liver or kidney were observed in the animals treated with the LdAPN 30C.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003This is the first study in which an axenic culture of Leishmania donovani has been used for the preparation of a homeopathic medication. The study highlights the anti-leishmanial and immunomodulatory potential of a homeopathic nosode in experimental VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1727170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T22:32:40Z","timestamp":1630189960000},"page":"031-041","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evidence for Reversal of Immunosuppression by Homeopathic Medicine to a Predominant Th1-type Immune Response in BALB\/c Mice Infected with Leishmania donovani"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chetna","family":"Bandral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj Kumar","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debadatta","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhbir","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"6","author":"E Torres-Guerrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.190971","article-title":"Spatial epidemiologic trends and hotspots of leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka, 2001-2018","volume":"26","author":"N D Karunaweera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30140-2","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"16","author":"O P Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007457","article-title":"\u201cIt's just a fever\u201d: gender based barriers to care-seeking for visceral leishmaniasis in highly endemic districts of India: a qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"B Jayakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030119","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions for countering leishmaniasis and Chagas's disease: from traditional sources to nanotechnological systems","volume":"8","author":"E B Souto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1232042","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"110","author":"N Maspi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","volume-title":". 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